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200M/06-99-991212

Animal Castration j

A Book for the Use of \

STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS I

240 Pages \

with over 200 Halftone Illustrations from Original Photographs \

BY

GEORGE R. WHITE, M.D., D.V.S. I

Graduate Columbian University (Veterinary Department), and i

University of Nashville (Medical Department) [

MEMBER I

American Veterinary Medical Association

Tennessee Veterinary Medical Association I

American Medical Association '■■

Tennessee Medical Association <

Nashville Academy of Medicine, and ]

Davidson County Medical Society ■;

Tennessee Academy of Science, •

United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, etc. i

Professor Veterinary Medicine — Knapp School of Country Life !

TEACHER SURGICAL RESTRAINT AND CASTRATION AND SPAYING ;

Chicago Veterinary College
Terre Haute Veterinary College

Indiana Veterinary College, and •
Alabama Polytechnic Institute (Veterinary Department)

Author "Restraint of Domestic Animals," etc. \

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR
NASHVILIvE, TENN.

Copyrighted 1914

by
Gp:orge R. White

1914

FOSTER & PARKES COMPANY,

Nashville, Tenn.

DEDICATION

TO

Professor Charles Allen Cary, B. S., D.V. M.,

As a slight token of personal friendship and esteem, as
well as for his successful efforts in undertaking
the apparently insurmountable task of es-
tablishing and successfully conducting
the first accredited Veterinary
College in the South

The Author

PREFACE

To those entrusted, with the onerous task of castrating and
spaying domestic animals the scantness of modern literature —
especially that i^rinted in English and by American authors —
dealing with the subject must have always proved a matter of
considerable embarrassment.

This universally recognized lack of a well illustrated book on
the important subject of unsexing animals has induced the author
to write and publish this volume.

It is offered with the desire and hope that it will — in a meas-
ure at least — close this wide gap in our English speaking lit-
erature.

Twenty-one years' actual and active experience in city and
rural practice as well as several years as a teacher of this par-
ticular subject leads me to believe that a text-book well illustrated,
written by an American, based on American methods, will be
acceptable to the student and practitioner who really has a de-
sire to become proficient in performing the operations of cas-
tration and spaying. The illustrations and text are for the most
part original. The methods described are those employed in
actual every-day practice by the author.

In presenting this volume to the indulgence of veterinarians
the author's only regret is that during its preparation he was
State Veterinarian of Tennessee, and did not have the time at
his disposal to insure the best authorship results. Hence he is
constrained to appeal for lenient judgment and criticism on the
book prepared under no conmion stress of duties — administrative,
professional, social and political.

Geoege R. White.

FOREWORD

INSTRUMENTS

The first essential to the proper performance of the operations
of castration and spaying is instrnments of modern and approved
design made from material of unquestioned quality.

Instruments of the same external appearance — which usually
means nothing more nor less than finish, and finish in turn merely
means polish and plate — may vary greatly in quality of material
and workmanship.

Never purchase cheap instruments at any price, as they are
not satisfactory or dependable. The best are none too good, as
oftentimes an instrument will make or unmake a man's reputa-
tion as an operator.

If these operations — castration and spaying — are to be done
neatly and with dexterity, antiquated instruments have no place
in the operative technique. Nothing conduces quite so much to
awkwardness in operating and an all around ''bunglesome job"
as do instruments of improper construction.

There are numerous castrating and spaying instruments of-
fered to the public by many commercial firms that are bad and
others worse than worthless for the purpose for which they are
intended. The one admonition the author would offer above all
others is to exercise extreme care and good judgment in selecting
castrating and spaying instruments.

Most manufacturers of surgical instruments and their shop
mechanics have little or no conception or practical knowledge of
the actual requirements of the instruments which thev make and
sell.

Unless the purchaser knows what he wants he is at the mercy

of the ignorant manufacturer and is liable to make mistakes in

purchasing which will cause embarrassment later when actually

engaged in operating.

Remember that there are several grades and many designs of

castrating and spaying instruments. Always call for "A grade,"
and see to it that you get exactly what you call for and select
the design best suited for your requirements.

It will be observed that numerous instruments are illustrated
and described in the following pages. AVhere only one pattern
of an instrument is showm this means that in the author's opinion
this particular instrument has advantages over all others and is
the proper one to purchase. AVhere two or more instruments of
the same character are shown it means that the author has no
i:)reference and that both instruments are equally satisfactory,
and either may be purchased without making a mistake.

Each and every instrument illustrated in this volume possesses
merit, and no mistake will l)e made in selecting them or either
of them. Our only object in thus illustrating and describing the
instruments is that in so doing the amateur may have the advan-
tage of the author's twenty-one years' experience in selecting
and using this class of surgical instruments, and with the hope
that the information herein contained may in a measure at least
protect the inexperienced prospective castrator from waking up
later to the fact that he is in possession of a lot of ''useless junk"
which has been sold to him for castrating and spaying instru-
ments.

METHODS

It will be further observed that only one method of operating
is illustrated and described, which is quite a revolution in this
class of literature. All antiquated methods and operative tech-
nique have been purposely eliminated in order to avoid confusion
and embarrassment. The methods mentioned are those which
most appeal to the author's fancy, and while he considers them
the best, safest, and most satisfactory, still he lays no claim to
their being the only good methods, and he is perfecth^ willing to
be charitable to the extent of granting to others the privilege of
operating differently if they so desire.

RESTRAIXT

Restraint of domestic animals, in the broadest acceptation of
the term, means much to the average busy and active practitioner
of veterinarv surgerv.

Each species of our domestic animals is endowed with one or
more means of defense. These are oftentimes — in individuals of
certain temperament — converted into weapons of offense. The
horse w^ll strike, kick and bite; the ox will gore and kick; the
dog and hog will bite. It is with these weapons of offense that
we are called upon to contend and overcome by restraint. These
animals must be rendered harmless by the means of restraint
v/hich we have at hand. Of course the particular method em-
ployed depends largely upon the animal and the degree of re-
straint necessary.

While we constantly find it necessary to employ methods of
restraint in order to confine the animal, we should always do so
in as humane a manner as possible. Humanitarian treatment
applies here as well as elsewhere in the practice of veterinary
science. We should never take advantage of an animal when
confined in order to cause torture or to inflict unnecessary pain
of any kind.

The surgeon is confronted with problems pertaining to re-
straint or some method of subjection almost ever^^ hour of each
day of his professional career.

Not only does the restraint problem confront and concern the
surgeon alone, but his client and patient are also directly inter-
ested to a well marked degree. The surgeon owes it to his client,
his patient and himself to become proficient in properly and se-
curely restraining animals for examination and operation. With-
out efficient means of restraint the surgeon is in constant dan-
ger of great bodily harm ; the animal in danger of self-inflicted in-
juries as a result of its own efforts at resistance, thereby causing
the owner financial loss, which could and should have been avoided
by proper methods of procedure.

In order to cast and secure an animal properly and success-
fully the operator should possess a level head associated with
plenty of courage and confidence. He should retain Ins equili-
brium in spite of any untoward accident or emergency which may
chance to take place. Self-confidence and good judgment are
both valuable assets in performing work of the character which
this book undertakes to illustrate and describe. The surgeon
should get control and remain in control from the time the twitch

is placed oii the animal preparatory to applying the hobbles or
casting harness until the animal is again on its feet. Experience
and dexterity are not to l)t' underrated in the operator who is to
undertake the task of securing and properly confining the larger
of our domestic animals. Do not allow yourself to become excited
or unduly alarmed or aggravated should everything not transpire
as smoothly as you expect or desire, for in so doing the surgeon
is not in possession of his mental faculties sufficiently to do justice
either to himself, his patient or his client.

Perfect, or even good, surgery is impossible without perfect re-
straint. The surgeon is no better than the restraint method which
he uses. It is rare to see a surgeon handle a knife any more
f-killfully than he handles his restraint technique. Imperfect re-
straint means an imperfect operation.

The particular methods of restraint necessary for each oper-
ation and the details pertaining to same will be specifically de-
scribed uuflei- the proper headings. G. R. AV.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PART I.

Castration.

Chapter I. Castration of the Stallion.

Chapter II. Castration of the Colt.

Chapter III. Castration of the Mule.

Chapter IV. Complications Encountered in Castrating — viz. :
Inguinal Hernia, Scrotal Hernia, Cryptorchid,
Monorchid, Orchitis, and Hermaphrodite.

Chapter V. Sequelae of Castration — viz.: Septic Infection,
Tetanus, Prolapse of the Omentum, Injuries
from Casting, Peritonitis, Colic, Prolapse of
the Intestine, Azoturia, Hemorrhage, Oedema
of Sheath, Schirrous Cord, Exuberant Gran-
ulations, and Hydrocele.

Chapter VI. Castration of the Bull.

Chapter VII. Castration of the Boar.

Chapter VIII. Castration of the Ram.

Chapter IX. Castration of the Hog.

Chapter X. Castration of the Cat.

Chapter XL Caponizing.

PART II.

Spaying.

Chapter I. Mare Spaying.

Chapter II. Cow, Ileifer and Calf Spaying.

Chapter III. Sow Spaying.

Chapter IV. Sheep Spaying.

Chapter V. Bitch Spaying.

Chapter VI. Cat Spaying.

Chapter VII. Poulardizing.

Chapter VIII. Deodorizing the Skunk.

PART L

CASTRATION.

Definition — Orchectomy ; excision of one or more testicles. The
term castration is also applied to removal of ovaries from the
female. However, when the word castration appears in this vol-
ume — with exception of title — it has reference to unsexing the
male animal.

History — Castration is one of the most ancient of surgical op-
erations upon animals. It was advocated and practiced as early
as seven centuries before the Christian era. Time and tradition
have not lessened its application or usefulness. In fact, during
recent years the popularity of the operation has rapidly in-
creased until now it is considered one of the most useful and
valuable in animal surgery.

It is practiced without hesitancy upon all domestic and wild
animals, and its economic value cannot be overestimated.

The earlier modes of operating were as follows: Martelage,
Tearing, Scraping, Torsion, Firing, Bistournage, Ligature and
Clamps. These ancient methods were extremely painful, and by
some considered cruel and inhumane. They have all been super-
seded by less painful and more modern ones, the most recent of
which are Emasculator, Vasectomy, Bisection, Yaso-Ligation and
lastly Vas-occlusion recently advocated by Dr. Napoleon Berdozzi,
of Italy. While the above have been mentioned simply from an
historic viewpoint, one of them, viz., Emasculator, stands out
prominently as the best, most widely practiced and satisfactory
method of operating, and on this account the "Emasculator meth-
od" will be adhered to in all instances where it is applicable in
this volume.

14 Axi:\rAL Castratiox

CHAPTER I.

Castration of the Stalliox.

Objects and Indications — While the operation is most often
practiced as an economic procedure in order to increase the ani-
mal's monetary value and usefulness to mankind, it is nevertheless
vahiable as a corrector of many acquired vices, such as masturba-
tion, viciousness, etc. It is also indicated in impotency, some dis-
eases of penis, scrotum, spermatic cord, and testicle. Its effect is
both mental and physical.

The operation has a decided tendency to render the animal quiet
and docile and to alter the conformation in some material respects
such as lessening development of the shoulders, chest, neck and
withers. While on the other hand the development of the hind
quarters is stimulated.

Castrated stallions are known as geldings.

Age — Stallions may be safely castrated at any age provided
they are in good physical condition.

Season — Spring and early fall.

Preparation — The intestinal tract should be practically empt^y
at time of castration. This is attained by withholding food for
24 to 30 hours before operating. By heeding the al)ove admonition
the danger of rupturing internal viscera during the operation
and colic afterwards will be obviated.

casteatixg IX the recumbext posture.

Restraint — When it has been decided to cast the animal, we
should, first of all, carefully survey the surroundings and select
the most satisfactory location. Of course circumstances and exist-
ing conditions play an important role in making our selection.
When the weather will permit the operation being performed out
of doors, there is no place better adapted than an open field or
lawn. It is here that we have ample room to manipulate our re-
straint technique without interruption. AVhen we have selected

Animal Castration

15

the location, the next problem which confronts us is the ^'casting
bed." The ideal operating mat or mattress is a plot of green
grass grown upon smooth ground. Always avoid the manure heap
or the "rotten straw pile" whenever possible. They are both hot-
beds of all forms of bacterial growth and are directly responsible
for many cases of fatal septic infections. If we are forced to
cast an animal inside of doors, then we must make the best of
our misfortune and get busy in devising means and methods to
best overcome that handicap. Select the place — be it hallway, stall

Fig. 1— Stallion Cast on Left Side With Conkey Self-Lock Buckle Hol)bles.
Leg P Drawn from Over Field of Operation by Rope R. S.

or operating room — where the most room is available. Then a
proper bed must be prepared. This may be done by the use of
tanbark, soft wood shavings, straw, hay, excelsior, sawdust, etc.,
or a specially constructed mattress or pad may be used.

Lead animal to proper position, put on twitch, apply the Con-
key self -lock buckle hobbles and cast him on the left side. (See
Fig. 1.)

AVhen cast, the off hind leg should be released from hobble

16

Axi:\rAL Castratiox

strap and with a IS-foot rope looped above ankle (P) and passed
over withers (Q) and under neck then back above hock (E) the
leg is drawn fi'om over field of operation. In this position the
largest stallion can be castrated without difficulty.

IXSTRUMEXTS.

1. Knife — Of course a properly constructed knife is the first
essential instrument required in performing this operation. The
AVilliams all-metal stiff-handle auseptic castrating knife (Fig.
2) is entirely satisfactory for castrating stallions in the recumbent
posture.

Fig. 2 — Williams' AU-.Metal Stiff Handle Anseptic Castrating Knife.

2. Emascnlatoi- — The only <tther instrument necessary is an
emasculator for the purpose of crushing the spermatic coi'd in
such manner as to assist nature in controlling hemorrhage.

There are many designs of emasculators on the American mar-
ket; however, many of them are inferior and unsatisfactory both
in design and workmanship. In order for an emasculator to
perform the task for which it is intended it must first of all be
constructed with straight cutting and crimping edges. (See D, C,

3— A Perfectly .Made and Well De- Fig. 1— An Imiierfectly Made and Badly
signed Rlmasciilator. Designed Emasculator.

Fig. 3.) This simply means that the lower or female jaw must
be on a straight line. When thus constructed the cord is grasped
and crushed before it is severed. Any emasculator made with
curved cutting and crim])ing edges (see A, B, Fig. 4), which

Animal Castration 17

means that the lower or female jaw is on a curved line, is not
dependable in controlling hemorrhage, hence is unsafe and un-
satisfactory. Fig. 5 illustrates an emasculator of proper design
and g'ood construction.

Fig. r. — A Safe and Satisfactory "Single Crimp Emasculator."

The "triple crimp emasculators" (Figs. 6, 7 and 8) are some-
what safer in controlling hemorrhage than the "single crimp"
instrument, as it crushes the cord in three directions. The author
has used a "triple crimp" instrument for several years with good
results. Many of the "triple crimp emasculators" now on the
market are imperfectly constructed and unsatisfactory in that
not enough space has been left between the male (upper) crush-
ing plate and the female (lower) plate — when the instrument is
closed — to receive the cord of a large stallion. Figs. 6, 7 and 8
illustrate two "triple crimp" emasculators both of which are
satisfactory. Fig. 8 is equipped with a self-adjusting auxilliary
attachment. The block attached to the male blade and longi-
tudinally serrated, is self-adjusting, by which means the com-
pressing surfaces maintain a parallel position when operated,
thereby preventing the cord and arteries from being mashed, cut
or torn at point nearest the hinge of the instrument.

The spring device operating the auxiliary attachment permits

18

Axi:mal Castration

automatic expansion, tlierchy niakini;' the instrument adjustable
to large curds, which in many cases cannot be cut hy other forms
of "triple crimp'' emasculators in which the crushing block is
not expansible.

Fiii. t;— "Triijle Crimp Emasculatoi

(Front View,

I*"ig- 7— "Triijle Crimp Emasculator." (Back View.)

Animal Castration

19

Fig. 8 — Anseptic Triple Crimp Eraasculator With Self-Adjusting Auxiliary Attachment.

Anafonn) — A comprehensive knowledge of the anatomy of the
inguinal and scrotal regions is imperative if a man is ever to be
anything like a thrilling success in performing the various neces-
sarv operations that are to be described later. However, on ac-
count of the limited space at my disposal it will be impossible to
go into minute details here. For complete and detailed anatomical
description the reader is respectfully referred to Sisson, Chau-
reau and Strangeway's text-l^ooks on Veterinary Anatomy.

Scrotiun — Is a sac or bag made up externally by a layer of skin
which has been continued from the sheath, abdomen and flanks.
This skin is smooth, soft and hairless compared with the other
integument on the body. The scrotum consists of two cavities
divided by a longitudinal raphe ("median line"). Below the skin

20

AxiMAL Castration

is the dortos which foi'iiis the scrotal tunic proper and consists
of thin elastic tissue and muscle. The dortos is a contiiuiation of
the abdominal fascia. Under the dortos is the s])erniatic fascia
which is a continuation of the external oblique muscle. This
muscle is attached to the external abdominal ring. Inside is the
cremasteric fascia, an expansion of the cremaster muscle which
passes through the inguinal canal over the cord and surrounds

Fig. 9 — Internal and External Generative Organs of the Stallion: A, Scrotum; B.
Skin; C, Tunica Vaginalis; D, Dortos; E, Cremaster Muscle; P, Left Vas Deferens;
G, Bulbons Portion of Vas Deferens; H, Vesicula Seminalis; I, Postate Gland; J, Cow-
pers Gland; K, Sheath; L, Meatus Urinarius; M, Retractor Muscle of Penis; N, Acceler-
ator Muscle Surrounding Urethra; O, Erector Penis Muscle; P, Glans Penis; Q, Corpus
Cavernosum; R, Right Internal Abdominal Ring; S, Left Internal Abdominal Ring;
T, Symphysis Pubis; U, Peritoneal Told Through Which the Spermatic Blood Vessels
and Nerves Pass; V, Right Vas Deferens; W, Bladder; X, Rectum.

Animal Castration 21

the testicle. Deeper we have the funnel-shaped infunclibuliform
fascia which originates at the internal abdominal ring. This fascia
is simply a sheath over the testicle, the cord and their tunics.

Inguinal Canal — This canal is situated obliquely between the
crural arch and the internal oblique muscle. The arch forms its
l^osterior and the muscle its anterior wall. It is compressed lat-
erally and through it pass the spermatic cord and the pudic artery.
Its external orifice is termed the external abdominal ring. This
ring is oval in shape and its direction is backwards and upwards.
The internal abdominal ring is a small aperture in the abdom-
inal wall and is situated at the uppermost part of the inguinal
canal, which is about 8 to 10 inches above the external abdom-
inal ring. The contents of the inguinal canal pass through the
internal abdominal ring in making their exit from the abdominal
cavity.

Sheath — The sheath is a loose conglomeration of skin extending
from the scrotum forward, and contains the free portion of the
penis. The anterior loose double fold of sheath is known as the
prepuce or foreskin, which is corrugated to accommodate the
penis during erection and protrusion. Opening into the sheath
are ducts from the giandulae odorif erae which secrete an odorous
matter peculiar to the sheath. The sheath is suspended from
the abdominal walls by suspensory ligaments.

Spey7natic (7o/y/— The testicle is suspended in the scrotum by
the spermatic cord which migrates through the inguinal canal from
the abdominal cavity to the scrotum. The following structures
enter into its formation: Spermatic venis, spermatic artery,
nerves, vas deferens, lymphatics, cremaster muscle and tunica
vaginalis. The vas deferens is situated in the posterior part of
the cord and is enclosed in a special fold detached from the inner
surface of the tunica vaginalis.

22 Animal Castration

Fig. 10 — External View of Left Testicle and Spermatic Cord: A, Testes; B, Globus
Major; C, Globus Minor; D, Body of Epididymus; E F, Spermatic Cord.

Testicle — The testicle is a compound tubular gland, ovoid in
form, suspended by the spermatic cord and occupying space in
the scrotum, inguinal canal or abdominal cavity. When in the
scrotum it is contained in a sac known as the tunica vaginalis.

They vary much in size in different subjects and are often of
unequal size in the same individual. The epididymus (D, Fig. 10)
is an elongated ])ody extending along upper border of the testes
(A). It consists of a body (D), a head or globus major (B),
and a tail or blobus minor (C).

Vas Deferens — The vas deferens is a firm hard tube which, after
leaving the globus minor, ascends the back of the spermatic cord
through the external abdominal ring, inguinal canal, and internal
abdominal ring to the abdominal cavity, where it enters the ])elvis,
passing to the antero-lateral aspect of the bladder, where it is
joined by the duct of the vesicula seminales. This union of ducts
takes place in the vicinity of the postate gland.

nature's methods of controlling hemorrhage.

It is well to always bear in mind the fact that nature is a great
factor in controlling arterial hemorrhage. To understand exactly
what nature causes to take place when an artery is severed is
knowledge which is never harmful to the surgeon, to say the least
of it. The following ha])pens as soon as an artery is severed:

Animal Castration

23

(1) Contraction of the mouth of the vessel (see B, Fig. 11) ; (2)
retraction of the vessel into its sheath (see C, Fig. 11) ; (3) clot
formation (see D, Fig. 11) ; (4) syncope.

Fig. 11 — Diagramatic Illustration Showing Three of Nature's Methods of Con-
trolling Arterial Hemorrhage; A, Severed Artery; B, Contraction;
C, Retraction; D, Clot Formation.

The function of the emasculator is to assist nature in prevent-
ing primary and secondary hemorrhage. This is done by crush-
ing the cord which crimps or closes the spermatic artery to the
extent of making the field more favorable for clot formation.
Never place an emasculator on a cord in any position except at
right angle to the cord. (See Fig. 12.) If the cord is severed at
any other angle (see Fig. 13) fatal hemorrhage is liable to occur.

Warning — Before beginning to operate always carefully ex-
amine the animal for inguinal and scrotal hernia (''rupture"),
abnormalities in development and diseases of the scrotum testicle
and cord. It is also well to look out for constitutional diseases
which would have a tendency to endanger the life of the animal
or interfere with convalescence. Never castrate if the animal is

24

AXI.MAI. (^ASTRATIOX

Fig. 12 — Correct Position of Emaseulator on the Spermatic Cord.

Fig. 13 — Incorrect Position of Hlmasculator on tlie Spermatic Cord.

affected with straiii;les, iiitlucnza, i)lcurisy, piicunioiiia, bronchitis,
catarrhal fever, or purpura haemorrhagica. Be careful in cast-
ing and tieing, and above all satisfy yourself that the testicles are
actually in the scrotum.

Sterilization of TiistruiHcnls und (Icoiis'ukj Operator's Hands
— If good results are to be expected all instruments should be ster-
ilized by l)oiling for 15 to 20 minutes ; after boiling immerse them
in a porcelain bowl or granite pan into which has been put one
tablespoonful of either Lysol or Cresol Compound U. S. P. to
each quart of water. In the absence of the above, carbolic acid
in 2 per cent solution is permissible. Where there are several
animals to be operated upon it is not practicable nor is it neces-
sary or desirable to boil the instruments between each operation.
However, they should be washed and placed back in the anti-
septic solution. The operator's hands should be thoroughly
w^ashed with soap and warm water — using a scrub or nail brush —
before beginning a job of castrating and he should wash them in

Animal Casteation 25

an antiseptic solution between operations. The cleaner you are
with your work the fewer cases of sepsis you will have to follow.

Operative Tccliniqiie — After the animal is cast and tied and the
instruments and hands of the operator prepared, the field of opera-
tion and the surrounding parts should be thoroughly washed with
Lysol or Cresol Compound U. S. P. in the strength of one table-
spoonful to each quart of water. I will here take advantage of this
opportunity to condemn in the strongest and most emphatic terms
possible ''sheath washing" at time of castrating. What is here
meant by "sheath washing" is washing or undertaking in any
manner to cleanse the interior of the sheath. Washing the sheath
at or immediately before castration will not only contaminate the
field of operation and thereby increase the danger of sepsis, but it
invariably encourages the early development of aggravated cases
of oedema and oftentimes paraphimosis. The sheath should be
washed several days before operating or it should be let alone until
after the animal has completely recovered. With the animal,

Fig. 14 — General External View of Scrotum and Sheath. AA, Incisions %-inch
on each side of Median Line, 4 inches long and parallel to the line.

2G

Animal Castration

instruments and operator's bands prepared, the scrotal incision is
made by grasping both testicles in the left hand and with two bold
strokes of the knife cut through skin of scrotum and testicular
coverings without hesitation. Expose both testicles to view. The
larger the incision the better the results. Thev should not be less
than 3^2 to 4 inches long and about % to 1 inch on each side of
the raphe ("median line") and parallel to it (see Fig. 14).

The testicles are now exposed. Grasp one of them with the left
hand, being careful not to touch the cord above where it is to be
severed. Place the emasculator on the cord, being careful to see
that the crimping side is next to the scrotum. Now lift the testicle
upwards at direct right angles to the animal by making from two
to three pounds — depending upon size of horse — tension on the
cord, at the same time pushing the emasculator well down against
the scrotum and at right angles to the cord, after which close
the instrument quickly and firmly until the cord and all its cover-
ings are severed as close to the scrotum as i^ossible. (See Fig. 15.)

Fig. 15 — Severing Spermatic Cord witli the Emasculator. A, Left Testicle;
B, Right Testicle; C, Emasculator Applied to Spermatic Cord.

Animal Castration

27

As soon as the cord is severed quickly release it and hasten to
remove the opposite testicle. It is a useless waste of time and
energy to allow the cord to remain in the instrument for several
minutes as some operators advocate. The quicker the cord is
released the less the pain and the quicker the blood will clot
about mouth of artery. By the time the jaws of the emasculator
have come together the instrument has done all for the cord that
it can possibly do. Why procrastinate in removing it ?

By reference to Fig. 16 you will observe the correct position
of the emasculator on cord; also exactly what structures are
severed.

Fig 16— Spermatic Cord and its Coverings Severed with the Emasculator.
f' Left Hand of Operator; G, Right Hand of Operator; H, Emasculator;
' I Body of Epididymus: J, Tunica Vaginalis: K, Incised Portion
' of Tunica Vaginalis Retracted on Cord; L, Spermatic Cord.

The all too common practice of "cord dissection" is also an
unnecessary and uncalled for waste of the operator's time and

28 Animal Castration

energy to say nothing of the additional pain inflicted upon the
patient as a result of prolonged surgical interference.

After Care and Treatment, — A small per cent of stallions after
castration will become unusually and uncomfortably restless and
suffer what appears to be excruciating pain. Sometimes this pain
is inter-abdominal and sometimes not. In such cases Fluid Ex-
tract Cannabis Indica should be administered in ounce doses at
two-hour intervals. The animal should ])e frequently observed
for appearance of secondary hemorrhage and other sequelae
which may arise. The diet should be limited, and plenty of exer-
cise allowed. Best to run at pasture during recovery and con-
valescence. Endeavor to keep them away from stable and barn-
yard manure. If the lips of the incisions should adhere together
to the extent of stopping free drainage from the scrotum, the
parts should be thoroughly w^ashed and reopened by forcing one
or more clean fingers through the scrotal incisions. In some in-
stances it becomes necessary to ' ' open up ' ' every two days for six
or seven days. However, so long as the wounds are draining
"opening up" is unnecessary.

After castration it is not necessary to protect stallions, colts
and mules from flies, as this class of animals prevent ''fly con-
tamination" of the scrotal wounds by the free and well-directed
use of their tails. Even in the midst of "fly time" we never have
maggots develop in their scrotums.

Contrary to the teachings of some, the author's experience would
indicate that warm showers and even rains on animals after cas-
tration are not harmful and are to be greatly preferred over
allowing the animals to remain in the barn and barnyard in con-
stant danger of wound contamination from manure, dirt, etc.

Treatment of the various sequelae of castration will be taken
up in subsequent pages.

Profjnosis — Under parallel conditions and sui-roiuidings there
appears to be very little or no more danger in castrating aged
stallions than colts. However, on the other hand, when we face the
fact that a large per cent of stallions are affected with cord, scrotal,
testicular and othei' diseases which must be taken into considera-
tion in comparing the danger of castrating stallions with that of
colts we are constrained to state the danger to old stallions far
exceeds that of younger animals.

Animal Castration

29

CASTRATION OF THE STALLION IN STANDING POSTURE.

Objects and Indications — See page 14.

Age — Any time after testicle has descended into the scrotum,
preferably in aged stallions.

Season — See page 14.

Restraint — A well-made and properly applied twitch in the
hands of a fearless and physically strong assistant.

Instruments — 1. Emasculator. (See Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.)
2. Knife. It is necessary to have a knife with a sharp point
and devoid of ''belly" in order that it may be easily thrust into
the testicle. Robinson's Castrating Knife (Fig. 17) and Wil-
liams' Castrating Knife (modified) (Fig. 18) are probably the
most satisfactory ones for performing this operation.

Fig. 17 — Robinson's Knife.

Fig. 18— Williams' Castrating Knife (Modified).

The extremely sharp point, short cutting surface and roughened
handles of the Robinson knife are its meritorious features. The
author's modification of the Williams castrating knife makes
it a desirable instrument for castrating in the standing posture.
It will be observed by comparing this knife with the original
Williams' (Fig. 2) that the "belly" has been ground out and
the point sharpened in order to facilitate thrusting it into the
testicle.

Anatomy — See pages 19-21.

30 Axi:\[AL Castration

Warn in (J — Before uiidertakiug to o|)erate take the time and
precaution to satisfy yourself on the following points:

1. That the animal is not of a disposition or temperament
which would make operating in the standing posture counter-
indicated.

2. That the testicle is actually in the scrotum.

3. That no hernia is present.

4. That the animal is not affected with those local diseases of
the scrotum, testicle or cord which would counter-indicate the
operation.

5. That he is not suffering from any specific constitutional
disease which would cause the operation of castration by any
method to hazard his life.

6. That you have a dependable — preferably an experienced —
assistant in charge of the twitch and be sure the twitch is a
good one.

SterilizatioH of Inatriuncnts and Cleansing Operator's Hands —
See page 24.

Preparation of Patient — At first thought it would be considered
proper to disinfect the field of operation by some form of wash-
ing with one of the many excellent antiseptic preparations. How-
ever, ex])erience and close observation lead me to state that the
advisability and practicability of undertaking the disinfection of
the field of operation at this particular juncture — after the twitch
is applied — is, to say the most of it, a debatable question. Au-
septic or even antiseptic surgery would suggest it, but the author
is willing to chance running the gauntlet of criticism by here
going on record as opposing disinfection of the operative field.
His only reason for so doing is simply on account of the fact
that if a man is to do a satisfactory and successful operation with
the animal in the standing posture it is imperative that the opera-
tion begin as soon as the twitch is applied and end at the earliest
possible moment, otherwise the twitch as an implement of sub-
jection is not a success and, of course, the violent struggles and
efforts to escape on part of the animal would make the operation
a failure. I realize that in making the above statement I "run
counter" to some eminent authority, but since I have never yet
seen a single successful operator on stallions in the standing pos-

Animal Castration 31

ture who procrastinated to the extent of disinfecting the field
of operation immediately prior to operating I am ready and will-
ing to suffer the consequences. Such procedure is not practicable,
neither is it necessary or even desirable. If the operator's hands
are clean and his instruments sterile, there is not near the danger
of septic infection from the unwashed scrotum as there is from a
bunglesome and imperfect operation on account of struggles on
the part of the animal occasioned by delay in beginning and finish-
ing the operation.

Operative Tcclniiqnc — With the twitch ai^plied and the animal
forced into the corner of a box stall or fence the operator ap-
proaches from the left side — if he be right-handed — at the same
time instructs the assistant, who is holding the twitch, to at all
hazards keep the animal forced well back into the corner. The
operator stands slightly out of the range of a kick with his head
and shoulders firmly pressed into the left flank of the animal.
(See Fig. 19.)

Fig. 19— Side View Showing Position of Patient and Operator Castrating in
the Standing Posture.

32

Animal Castratiox

Fig.

20 — Posterior View of Stallion While Undergoing Castration in Standing Posture.
A, Scrotum; B, Knife; C, Left Hand; D, Right Hand.

With the left hand firmly grasp the scrotum above both testicles,
at the same time do not underestimate the strength of the cremas-
ter muscles.

Expect to hold on to your scrotal grasp regardless of the ma-
neuvers or antics of the animal. Since you have already agreed
with your assistant to hold the scrotum as long as he holds the
twitch you are honor bound to do so, and by so doing you will
come out victorious in nineteen out of twenty attempts. With

Animal Castration

33

Fig. 21 — Side View witli Animal in Standing Posture Showing Positions of Right
Hand, Knife, Left Hand and Scrotum Prior to Making Incisions. Observe that the knife
is thrust Into the testicle well forward on tile scrotum. The incision is made by a single
sweep of the knife backwards.

knife in right hand begin well forward, on scrotum and with two
quick bold sweeps of the knife make backward slashes which will
expose, or a better term would be "drop," both testicles from
the scrotum before you turn loose. These slashes should be
parallel to the raphe or median line. Now with the emasculator
which is handed you by a second assistant, or better still carried
in a specially constructed pocket in your overalls, sever the sper-
matic cords as high up in the flank as possible, after which release
the animal. If you have been dexterous and have not "loafed
on your job" you have consumed the whole of six to ten seconds*
time. However, if you have been engaged as long as fifteen or
twenty seconds you need have no remorse of conscience, as often-
times it takes — what otherwise would be considered a fairly good
veterinary surgeon — as long as twenty minutes to finally succeed,
after much effort and a great fight, in removing as many as two
testicles from the scrotum of a stallion in the standing posture,
and some of them even after graduation and many years' ex-

34 Animal Castration

perience in practice cannot do it at all. Console yourself with
the thought that there are others.

Care and Treatment — See page 28.

Prognosis — See page 28.

Sequelae — See under proper heading in subsequent pages.

Advantages of Operating in Standing Posture — (1) Conserva-
tion of time and energy on the part of the operator, as it is pos-
sible for an experienced and dexterous operator to castrate a
stallion in the standing position in six to fifteen seconds' time,
provided the annual behaves well. Whereas in the recumbent
posture it requires from six to fifteen minutes to cast, tie and
castrate. It is much easier on the operator to castrate in the
standing posture as less work and exertion are required. (2)
Safety and comfort to the patient, since the danger of casting
and tying is obviated and the animal is not exerted or "heated
up" near to the extent which he would be were he cast, tied and
castrated in the recumbent posture. (3) By castrating in the
standing posture — provided same is done with dexterity — the sur-
geon makes a favorable and lasting impression upon his client,
an impression which will "not wear off." (4) Since the operator
is not called upon to handle dirty ropes, etc immediately before
operating and the operative field itself is not on or in close ])rox-
imity to the manure and dirt — as is the case in recumbent posi-
tion — there is no doubt but what less womid contamination takes
place in standing method.

Disadvantages — (1) Danger to the operator has been heralded
to the four winds of this country as argument against castrating
stallions in the standing posture. The author's twenty years or
more experience with operating in both the standing and recTun-
bent postures leads him to believe, in fact know, that the danger
to the operator has been highly colored and over-exaggerated with
reference to castrating in the standing posture unless the operat-
ing surgeon was an amateur or an extremely awkward and care-
less person. Of course it could not reasonably be expected that
everyone could, cveu ])y time and practice, become an adept at
such an undertaking. In order to be a success it is necessary for
the operator to possess a level head, a steady nerve, plenty (^f self-
confidence, and more than average courage, together with a re-

Animal Castration 35

serve of physical strength and activity. He shonld retain his
equilibrium in spite of any untoward accident or emergency which
may chance to take place. Good judgment is never amiss at any
stage of the operation. The author has never been kicked or in-
jured in any way while castrating stallions in the standing pos-
ture. He cannot say as much in relating his experience operating
in the recumbent posture, for many is the time when he has re-
ceived the kick while applying the hobble straps and a few while
releasing the animal. (2) Difficulty of securing the testicles has
been urged against the standing operation. Such embarrassment
is never encountered if the testicle has descended into the scrotum
and the mere fact of the testicle not being in the scrotum is a
counter-indication to operating in the standing posture. By all
means and at all hazards cast this class of animals and castrate
them in the recumbent posture. (3) Prolapse of bowel or mesen-
tery from the scrotal incision on account of previously existing
scrotal or inguinal hernia. A careful manual examination of the
scrotal region prior to operating would obviate such embarrass-
ment to the operator and danger to the patient. If you decide
to operate in the standing posture make it routine practice to
examine the scrotum prior to operation. (4) Impossibility of
operating upon many wild and vicious animals. We must admit
that every animal cannot be castrated in the standing posture, and
foolish indeed would the surgeon be who would undertake such
a hazardous and impossible task. If you encounter such an animal,
have no hesitancy in casting and operating in the recumbent pos-
ture. Do not attempt the dangerous, the impracticable or the
impossible. Exercise a little good judgment here as well as else-
where in the dailv affairs of life.

36 Animal Castration

CHAPTER II.

CASTEATION OF THE COLT.

Definition — What is here meant by castration of colts is im-
sexing male animals of the eqnine species less than twenty months
of age.

Objects and Indications — Same as stallion. (See page 14.)

Age — The testicle does not usually descend into the scrotum
to a noticeable degree until the colt is at least eight or ten months
old. From the standpoint of danger the earlier the operation
the safer. From the viewpoint of development and symmetry it
is not well to operate too early. Viewing the problem from every
angle, the preferable age at which to castrate a colt is ten to twelve
months. However, it may be done earlier or even later.

Season — Spring and early fall.

Preparation — Same as stallion. (See page 14.)

Restraint — Since colts should usually be castrated in the re-
cumbent posture — primarily on account of the uncertainty of de-
scent of testicle into scrotum — it becomes necessary to cast and
tie them. Of all the casting harness and hobbles used for this
class of operation there is no doubt but what the "Miles' Colt
Hobbles" possess many advantages over all others. Hence the
Miles method of casting colts is recommended and will be described.

^'Farmer'' Miles' MetJiod of Casting a Colt — Fig. 22 represents
the Miles' colt hobbles applied (first position). The hobbles of
Miles' consist of four loop hobbles and a main rope. These are of
the loop variety. The material used in making the loops may be
either rawhide (plaited), leather, or rope. These hobbles are each
from fifteen to eighteen inches long and are applied by looping.
The main rope is three-fourths inch cotton, and eighteen feet long.

Animal Castration

37

Fig,

Appli

First rosition.

Upon one end is a two-inch metal "D." This main rope is also
used as the master hobble. It will be observed that there is one
hobble rope on each hind pastern and two hobble ropes on off
fore leg— one around pastern and the other below the knee. The
main rope is applied around pastern of near fore leg (F). It is
now passed across through hobble ring on off fore pastern (K),
then backward to off hind (L), thence across to near hind (M),
and back to hobble ring (N) below off knee. The object of this
arrangement of the ropes (two hobbles on off fore leg) is that
when traction is made on free end of main rope (O) the off fore
foot is raised or lifted off the ground. This in itself unbalances
an animal and puts it to a decided disadvantage, besides by lift-
ing the off fore foot the animal will go down on the shoulder of
that side and will in all probability receive an easy fall. The
animal is cast as illustrated in Fig. 23 (second position), and
secured by taking two or more half hitches with the main rope
around uppermost hind pastern. This is done by an assistant.
The operator stands opposite the assistant and behind the animal

38

Animal Castration

Fig. 23 — Miles" Colt Hobbles — Second Position.

Fig. 24— Miles' Colt Hobbles— Third Position.

Animal Casteation 39

and is handed the main rope (W) by the assistant (after it is
fixed about the upper hind pastern). The rope is carried over
the loins and under the colt, thence to the lower hind pastern.
Now by rolling colt on his back (Fig. 24, third position) and mak-
ing downward pressure on the off hind foot with the left hand, at
the same time drawing the rope tight by upward pull with the
right hand, the hocks are flexed and all four feet brought down
close to the abdomen.

The Miles' method affords us a light, portable, strong, con-
venient, safe, and in every respect an efficient and satisfactory
means of casting and securing the colt. The colt is held balanced
in the dorsal position by an assistant on each side, in which posi-
tion the field of operation is accessible and extremely convenient,
and so long as the colt is balanced on back he is absolutely helpless.

Instrunienfs — (1) Emasculator: same as stallion (see Figs. 5,
6, 7, 8, 12 and 13). (2) Knife: The knife reconmiended for colt
castration is "Farmer" Miles' hook knife (Fig. 25). Many hook

Fig. 25— "Farmer" Miles' All-Metal Stiff Handle Hook Castrating Knife.

knives of improper design and inferior construction are on the
market ; on this account it is well for the reader to know the exact
essentials of a properly designed hook knife. The main essential
is that the cutting surface of the blade be at an angle of 45 degrees
to the handle and that the cutting surface be sharp up to the
handle. It is necessar}^ that the blade cut, not tear. With a blade
thus constructed good work can be done. The blades with a de-
cided hook are never satisfactory. Such knives drag or tear
through the tissues instead of cut. Avoid them. To the beginner
a hook knife is awkward to handle ; however, after some practice
he usually finds it to be an indispensal)le instrument.

Anatomy — Same as stallion. (See pages 19-21.)

Warning — Same as stallion. (See page 23.)

Sterilization of Insfnuiients and Cleansing Operator's Hands —
Same as stallion. (See page 24.)

40

Animal Castration

Operative Technique — With the cult cast and tied and balanced
on his back (Dorsal position) by one or more assistants (see Fig.
25), the scrotum, hands of the operator, etc., disinfected, the ani-
mal is now ready for operation.

Fig. 26— Castrating the Colt. 9, Left Hand; 10, Scrotum; 11, Beginning of Left
Scrotal Incision; 12, End of Left Scrotal Incision; i:!. Beginning of Right Scrotal In-
cision; 14, End of Right Scrotal Incision; 15, Knife; 16, Right Hand.

Proceed as follows: With left hand (9) grasp sheath (10)
and with forward and upward traction stretch the scrotum to
the extent of making it taut. AVith knife (15) in right hand (16)
begin left incision (11-12) well forward on scrotum (10) and ex-
tending backward for 31/2 to 4 inches. The right incision (13-14)

Animal Castration

41

is made likewise. These incisions should be parallel to each other,
three-fourths inch on each side of the raphe or "median line"
and parallel to it.

The object of drawing the scrotum upwards is to form a cavity
between the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue of scrotum
above and the scrotal plesus of veins below. This cavity or space
protects the scrotal plexus of veins from being knicked by point
of the knife while the incisions are being made. Release hold on
sheath and grasp each testicle in turn and with a knick of the
knife open the tunica vaginalis and allow the testicles to escape.

Fig. 27 — Castrating the Colt. 17, Left Hand; IS, Testicle; 19, Spermatic Cord,
20, Tunica Vaginalis; 21, Scrotum; 22, Emasculator; 23, Right Hand.

42 AXIMAL CASrKATlON

The next step is to grasp the left testicle (18, Fig. 27) with
the left hand (17) and draw testicle upwards — at direct right
angles to the animal — at the same time producing from one to
two pounds traction on the cord. With the right hand (23) apply
the emasculator (22) to the cord (19) and force instrument well
down against the scrotum (21) in such a manner as to sever
the spermatic cord and all of its coverings as close to the skin
incision as possible. The right testicle is removed in like manner
and the animal released. By reference to Fig. 16, page 24. the
reader may observe the exact position of the emasculator on the
cord and what structures are severed in operating.

After Care and Treatment — Same as stallion. (See page 28.)

Prognosis — (See page 28.)

Animal Caste ation 43

CHAPTER III.

CASTRATION OF THE MULE.

Objects and Indications — Since the mule is a hybrid and value-
less for service as a breeding animal it falls to his lot to undergo
castration without exception. Without castration — before the
age of two years — the mule becomes exceedingly disagreeable and
troublesome among other classes of live stock and oftentimes
vicious and dangerous to the owner. Apparently the only object
in castrating the mule is to cause his sexual desire to permanently
subside to the extent of making him a useful farm animal.

Age — "Yearlings," never later unless unavoidable.

Season — Preferably spring.

Preparatiot — Same as stallion. (See page 14.)

Restraint — Same as colt. (See pages 36-39.)

Instruments — Same as colt. (See page 39.)

Anatomy — Same as stallion. (See pages 19-21.)

Warning — Same as stallion. (See page 23.)

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator's Hands —
Same as stallion. (See page 24.)

Operative Teclmique — The operative technique in mule castra-
tion resembles in most material respects that of colt castration
as outlined on pages 36-41. The only material difference being
the manner in which the coverings of the spermatic cord are
severed and the extent of them removed.

With the mule cast, tied and balanced on his back, Dor-
sal position (Fig. 27) he is ready for operation. The scrotal
region and hands of operator are washed with Lysol or Cresol
Compound U. S! P. in the strength of one tablespoonful to the
quart of water. With left hand (M) grasp the sheath (N) and
with forward and upward traction stretch the scrotum until it

44

Animal Castration

l-iu. Js -Casirjiiiiiti ihe .Mule. M, Left Hand; N, Scrotum; O P, Scrotal Incision;
Q, Knife; R, Right Hand; S, Raphe or "Median Line."

is taut. With knife (Q) in right hand (R) make the two scrotal
incisions (O, P) beginning well forward (O) and extending back-
ward (P) from 31/4 to 4 inches. These incisions should be three-
fourths inch from and parallel to the raphe or "median line" (S).
Release hold on sheath and grasp each testicle in turn and with
a knick of the knife open the tunic A'aginalis and allow the testicles
to escape.

After the testicles are released from the tunica vaginalis one
of them is grasped with the left hand (T) (Fig. 29) and drawn up-
ward at direct right angles to the body of the animal by making
from one to two pounds traction on the cord. With the right hand
(Y) apply emasculator (Z) to the cord and force instrument down-
ward against the scrotum (X) in such manner as to sever the
spermatic cord and all of its coverings as close to the skin incision
as possible. See to it that you cut off not less than one inch of
the tunica vaginalis in order to avoid that all too frequent sequelae

Animal Castration

45

Fig. 29— Castrating tlie Mule. T, Left Hand: U, Testicle; V, Spermatic Cord;
W, Tunica Vaginalis: X, Scrotum; Y, Right Hand: Z, Emasculator.

Fig. 30 — Proper Position of the Emasculator and Relation of Testicle, Spermatic
Cord, Tunica Vaginalis and Scrotum in Mule Castration.

46

Axi^^iAL ( 'asthation

of mule castration, viz.: hydrocele ('^vater bag"), a condition
invariably produced by severing the cord below — with mule in
standing posture — the tunica vaginalis. Of course the opposite
testicle is removed in like manner and the animal released. Figs.
30 and 31 are worthy of careful study on the part of all who con-
template castrating mules. They graphically and plainly illus-
trate all the important essentials in handling the emasculator in
such a manner as to avoid hydrocele ("water bag").

Fig. 31 — Testicle of Mule After Removal. A, Tunica Vaginalis Covering Spermatic
Cord; B B, Incised Portion of Tunica Vaginalis Deflected on Cord. It will be observed
that at least one inch of this tunic has been removed. C, Epididymus; D, Testes.

After Care and Treatment — Same as stallion. (See page 28.)
Prognosis — Same as stallion and colts. (See page 28.)

Animal Castration

47

CHAPTER IV.

COMPLICATIONS ENCOUNTERED IN CASTRATION.

Inguinal and Scrotal Hernia {Rupture) .

Definition — Inguinal hernia is a condition where a loop of the
intestine and. sometimes mesenteiy migrates or protrudes through
the internal abdominal ring into the inguinal canal. (See Fig. 32.)

,>^*;

Fig. 32 — Inguinal Hernia (Rupture). A A, Internal Abdominal Wall; B, Internal
Abdominal Ring; C, Spermatic Cord; D D, Intestine; E, Loop of Intestine in the
Inguinal Canal; F, Spermatic Cord in the Canal; G, Scrotum.

Scrotal hernia is a condition where a loop of the intestine and
sometimes mesentery migrates or protrudes through the internal

48

Animal Castration

abdominal ring, inguinal canal and external abdominal ring into
the scrotum. (See Fig. 33.)

Fig. 33— Scrotal Hernia (Rupture). A A, Internal Abdominal Wall; B, Internal
Abdominal Ring; C, Spermatic Cord; D D, Intestine; E, Loop of Intestine in the
Scrotum; F, Spermatic Cord in Inguinal Canal; G, Scrotum; H, Testicle.

Most all scrotal hernias were originally inguinal hernias.

Diagnosis — The presence or absence of hernia is determined by
carefully feeling the scrotum and close scrutiny of its size and
shape. It is oftentimes — in fact most times — impossible to diag-
nose inguinal hernia except on post-mortem examination.

Indications for Operation — The mere fact that the presence
of hernia has been determined is sufficient indication for opera-
tion unless there be a good reason for postponing surgical inter-
ference until a later date. In all instances the operation necessi-
tates sacrifice of the testicle and of course since this be true the

Animal Castration

49

ideal time to operate is at time of castration. If the surgeon is
aware of the presence of hernia and is prepared for the opera-
tion, then the reduction of hernia by surgical interference is a
comparatively easy task. However, if the reverse is true — no
knowledge of its existence and non-preparedness — then he is up
against what is referred to as "the real thing," an attitude most
of us have been caught in to our chagrin and sorrow. So long
as hernia does not interfere with the health and usefulness of a
stallion in service it may not be advisable to operate. The ideal
age to operate is eight to twelve months. Oftentimes scrotal
hernias in "sucklings" disappear spontaneously before they are
a year old.

Restraint — The animal should be cast and tied, and placed in
the dorsal position. For colts the ordinary "Farmer" Miles'
method of casting (Figs. 22, 23 and 24, pages 36-39) is ideal.
For older animals more secure restraint is necessary, such as
Knowles' Casting Harness, described and illustrated on pages
55-57.

Instruments — (1) Emasculator, Figs. 5, 6, 7, and 8. (2) Miles'
hook knife, Fig. 25. (3) Curved probe point Bistoury. (4) Me-
dium size curved needle. (5) Chromicized catgut (fourteen day)
largest size. (6) Needle holder (Richter's), Fig. 34. (7) Small
trocar and canula. (8) Curved scissors (six-inch). Fig. 35. (9)
Haemostatic forceps.

Fig. 34. — Richter's Needle Holder.

50

Animal Casteation

Fig. 35 — Curved Scissors (6-incli).

Freparation — Empty the intestinal tract by withholding food
for twenty-four to thirty hours. If constipated, oil in sufficient
amount to purge several days before operating.

Sterilization of Iiistni incuts oiid Clcaiisiuf) Opo'ator's Jfands —
See iDage 24.

Operative Teclniiqae — Cleanse and disinfect field of operation
by washing with Lysol or Cresol Compound U. S. P. in the strength
of one tablespoonful to each quart of water. With Miles' hook
knife cautiously make incision into scrotum, ])eing careful not to
open the tunica vaginalis. The scrotal incision should begin well
forward and extend backward for five to six inches parallel to
the raphe or "median line'' and one to one and a half inches
from it.

Tlie sac (tunica vaginalis) containing the testicle should now
be isolated or detached by blunt dissection and tearing up the
inguinal canal to within about two inches of the internal abdom-
inal ring.

Before proceeding further all l)lood vessels of sufficient size
should be ligated. The sac (tunica vaginalis) should now be
opened and the testicle taken charge of and held with one hand
while the loop of intestine (J) is gradually replaced through the
internal inguinal ring (P) (See Fig. 36) into the abdominal
cavity. The testicle itself is now removed with the emasculator
in the usual way. The stump of spermatic cord (K) is now placed
into the abdominal cavity and the tunica vaginalis (L) ligated
with chromicized catgut (fourteen day) largest size (M) as close
to the internal abdominal ring as possible. The loose portion of
the tunica vaginalis is now removed by severing below the liga-

Animal Castration

51

Fig. 36 — Diagramatic Sketch of Operation for Inguinal and Scrotal Hernia (Rupture).
I, Internal Abdominal Wall; J, Loop of Intestine Replaced Into the Abdominal Cavity;
K, Stump of Spermatic Cord from Which the Testicle Has Been Removed; L, Tunica
Vaginalis in Close Proximity to the Internal Abdominal Ring; M, Ligature; N, Inguinal
Canal; P, Internal Abdominal Ring.

ture. Sometimes it becomes necessary to enlarge tlie internal
abdominal ring before the hernia can be reduced. This can be
readily done with probe point bistoury passed up the inguinal
canal. If loop of bowel happens to be distended by gas it should
be punctured with a small trocar and canula.

The scrotum may be packed with sterile gauze if considered
advisable. However, scrotum packing is not usually necessary.

After Care and Treatment — Same as castration. (See page 28.)

Castration of the Cryptorcliid and Monorcliid {'^Ridgling").

Definition — A cryptorcliid is an animal in which both testicles
have failed to descend into the scrotum.

A monorchid is an animal in which only one testicle has failed
to descend into the scrotum.

Classification — Since the degree of descent of the testicle varies
in different animals it becomes necessary to classify "ridglings'^

52 Axi^FAL Castration

into at least three groups or classes. They were formerly classi-
fied by "Farmer" Miles as —

Xo. 1. Testicles not in scrotum hut in inguinal canal. Such
testicles can be felt on deep pressure. ("Low flanker.")

No. 2. Testicles high up in inguinal canal — too high to be felt
even upon deep pressure. ("High flanker.")

No. 3. Testicles inside abdominal cavity.

No. 4. Testes inside abdominal cavity with part of the sper-
matic cord and sometimes epydidimus protruded through internal
abdominal ring into the inguinal canal.

No. 5. Pathological ("diseased") testicles.

While the above classiflcation by Miles is not what may be termed
anatomically and surgically scientific, it was nevertheless valu-
able in arriving at the exact status of a "Ridgiing" case. While
acknowledging the value of the work done by my first teacher —
"Farmer" Miles — and the usefulness of his classification of ridg-
ling horses into Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, nevertheless such classification
was crude and in this day of progress and development would not
pass muster from a scientific viewpoint. The anatomical classifi-
cation possesses mau}^ advantages and will be adhered to in hand-
ling this subject.

]Miles' No. 1 cannot properly be classed as a cryptorchid (" Ridg-
ling") in any respect.

(a) Supra scrotal is a condition where the testicle with sper-
matic cord is in the inguinal canal, however too high to he felt
even on deep pressure. ("High flanker.") This is the class
oftenest encountered in young animals and corresponds with
Miles' No. 2. The testicle is usually firm and fairly well developed.

(b) Intra-abdominal is a condition where the testicles are lo-
cated inside the abdominal cavity. This is a genuine cryptorchid
("Ridgling") in fact as well as in name. In such cases the tes-
ticles are usually soft and flabby and not of the characteristic
shape met with in stallions. This varietv corresponds to Miles'
No. 3.

(c) Intra-inguinal is a condition in which the testes is inside
abdominal cavity with a portion of the spermatic cord and some-
times epidid}TTius high up in the inguinal canal. (See Fig. 50,

Animal Castration 53

page 67.) This corresponds to Miles' No. 4. Such cases are
usually very confusing to the operator; especially is this true if
the operator belongs to the amateur fraternity.

(d) Anomalous cryptorchids is a condition wherein abnomially
developed or "diseased" testicles are encountered, viz.: hyper-
trophy, cysts — including dermoid and dentigeous — solid tumors
(sarcocelous), atrophy and adhesions of testicle to the parietal
peritoneum, etc. Some of the above enumerated anomalies and
curiosities encountered in cyptorchid castration complicate the
operative technique and have a tendency to cause the operator no
little anxiety, annoyance and oftentimes embarrassment.

Objects and Indications — All "Ridgling" should be castrated
for the principal reason that they are sterile as breeding animals
and a public and private nuisance among other classes of live
stock. Some of them even acquire viciousness, in which event
they are dangerous both to the owner and other animals. The
mere fact that the testicle is inside the abdominal cavity, small,
undeveloped and sterile does not in any way reduce the sexual
desire of its possessor. On the other hand it appears that sexual
desire is abnormally stimulated. A horse with undescended tes-
ticle is as undesirable as a mare affected with nymphomania.
They are useless as service or breeding animals. There is no argu-
ment why they should not be castrated and every reason why
they should.

Diagnosis — By all means secure an accurate history of the sub-
ject if possible, as this is a necessary adjunct to operating satis-
factorily and successfully. Ascertain the following:

1. If any previous unsuccessful attempt has been made to
operate.

2. If either testicle has been successfully removed. If so, on
which side was it located and how long since removal?

The information obtained is not always trustworthy, so as an
additional precaution the operator is not justified in proceeding
with the operation until he has personally carefully examined the
animal.

1. Search scrotum carefully for cicatrix ("scar") of former
operation, If the operation was performed by either the ecraseur

54 Axi:mal Castration

or emasculator — some time previously — there may be no distinct
scar present.

2. Examine inguinal canal for stump of cord. If the previous
operation was performed at an early age the stump of cord may
be atrophied to such an extent that its presence in the canal cannot
be determined.

If after questioning the owner or attendant and examining
the patient you are still in doubt as to which testicle is unde-
scended, the proper method of procedure would be to invade the
left, as four-fifths of all monorehids are leftsided. If you should
make a mistake and invade the wrong side, proceed at once to
turn the patient over and go in on the other side. The diagnostic
value of rectal exploration at any time is doubtful. But such
rectal examination immediately before operating is bad practice
and not justified.

Age — Ordinarily the question of age is not one left to the choice
of the operator. He is forced to take them at any age he finds
them. It is not well to operate upon a ridgling until he is at least
two years old. The ideal age is three years, as at this time the
animal is larger and better developed, which, of course, means
that there is much more room in the inguinal canal and groin in
which to work. Besides, at three years old the abdominal wall is
thicker and stronger and there is less liability of rupturing the
internal and external oblique abdominal muscles with the operat-
ing hand. Ridglings at any age above three years are acceptable
for operation.

Season — Preferably spring and early fall.

Preparation — The main object to be attained in preparing the
patient is to have an unirritated and empty alimentary (intestinal)
tract at time of operation. This is usually accomplished by with-
holding food for thirty hours before castration. No physic should
be allow^ed, as an empty bowel irritated by purgative medication
is a predisposing cause of dangei"ous sequelae such as colic, peri-
tonitis, volvulus, etc. An empty alimentary tract is desirable on
account of affording greater intra-abdominal room and lessening
the possibility of bowel protrusion through the inguinal canal.

Restraint — There are manv kinds and stvles of restraint har-

Animal Castration

55

iiess and ropes with which a ridgiiiig horse may be cast and tied
satisfactorily. The main object to be constantly borne in mind
is the fact that first of all the restraint must be safe and secure.
The animal must be tied in such a manner that the latitude for
movement is minimized as much as possible. Position must also
be considered. One of the simplest and most satisfactory casting
harness for castration of "Ridglings" is that of Knowles'. The
Knowles' harness have been used for several years by the author
with satisfactorv results.

Fig. 37 — Knowles' Casting Harness Applied.

The casting and securing harness illustrated in Fig. 37 were
designed by W. F. Knowles. These harness are made in large and
small sizes. The large size fits horses weighing 900 pounds or more,,
and small size harness fits those of from 400 to 900 pounds.

This apparatus is light, compact, and convenient to carry.
When properly used it affords ample restraint for all ordinary
purposes. It consists of a flat webbing collar, two main ropes
and two hobbles. The collar (B) is in two sections ; each section is
connected on each side of the horse by heavy double rings, one of
which is of special design to afford easy passage of the two main
ropes (D, G). The ropes (D, G) are each five-eighths inch in

56

AXI.MAI, ('AS'l'HA'noX

diameter and thirty feet long'. One end is seeureiy fastened into
the inner ring of the weh])ing breast collar. Ai'onnd each pastern
(E, H) is placed a webbing hobble. In each end of this webbing
hobble is fixed a specially constrncted metal, ronnded "D" through
which the ropes pass. To apply this harness the breast collar is
placed over the head and adjusted to the shoulders. One section
fits over the withers and the other section is dropped down below
point of shoulders (K). The free end of the ropes (D, G) pass
downward to and through each "D" of webbing hobble, then up-
ward to and through "D" of breast collar. If desired to cast
horse on off side, the off fore foot is to be raised and secured by
some form of knee strap. The free end of main rope on near side
should be carj'ied backward over back and held by two assistants.
The free end of main rope (I) on off side should l)e carried for-
ward, well in front of the animal, and there held by two assistants.
To cast the animal traction is made on each rope, and at the same
time the animal is forced backward a step by assistant in charge
of the head. The head is pulled to the right and the animal is
cast on off side.

I'i.^. ;-.S — Animal Cast and Secured with Kmnsli^

In order to securely tie the animal after he is cast (see Fig. 38)
the main ropes (N, N) are fastened around pasterns by two half

Animal Castration

57

hitches. They are then jjassecl behind hoclvs (P, P) in hgure 8
fashion a conple of times, after which fix them about pasterns (O,
O) by half hitches. The opposite side is secured likewise after
the animal is turned over. See to it that the hocks are completely
flexed and that the feet are not extended too far forward. After
the hind legs are secured apply knee strap (M) to off fore leg.
The Miles' spreaders (Fig. 39) are now applied, after which the
animal is secured for operation.

Whlie I do not dispute the possibility of castrating a ''Ridg-
ling" horse on the operating table, nevertheless its practicability
is seriouslv doubted.

Fig. o9 — ^Miles' Ridgling Spreader:

Position — Lateral recumbent position with side of undescended
testicle uppermost. Hocks completely flexed. Hind feet not too
far forward and thigh complete abducted.

Instruments and Equipment — (1) Miles' all-metal hook castrat-
ing knife (see Fig. 25). (2) Peritoneum perforator (see Fig. 40).

Pig. 40 — Peritoneum Perforator.

58 ANi:\rAL Castration

The peritoiieimi perforator referred to here is a piece of nickel-
plated steel wire sixteen inches long with handle on one end and
right angle hook on the other. This hook is one inch in length
and its perforating snrface is slightly dulled. The function of
this instrument, as its name indicates, is to make the opening
through the thin abdominal wall.

(3) Ecraseur. The most satisfactory ecraseur yet offered to
the veterinary profession in this country is shown in Fig. 41.
This instrument is strong, well constructed and its design ideal.
The advantages of this instrument over others consists of an ar-

Fig. 41 — Dunn's Ecraseur.

rangement by which, with the thumb and hiiger of one hand (the
other hand left free) the -ecraseur can be held, and the slack of
the chain taken up at once without drawing out the screw or
lengthening the instrument.

The thumb-piece, on the end of which the female thread is cut,
works automatically, engaging the screw at all times until re-
leased by the pressure of the thumb; this insures perfect safety,
as the chain cannot slip from imperfect or careless adjustment,
which often occurs in other ecraseurs. It is also thoroughly asep-
tic, as it can be taken apart without the aid of a screwdriver in
a few seconds' time by a half turn of the collar near the handle.
Made with or without the improved head. Get the one with im-
proved head.

(4) Surgeon's needle threaded for purpose of suturing up
scrotum after packing.

(5) Sterile gauze to use in packing scrotum.

(6) Carbolized olive oil for lubricating parts.

(7) Antiseptic solution in plentiful amount. As a precaution
against some untoward accident or emergency it is well to fortify
yourself by having in reserve the following: (1) Vulsellum for-

Animal Castration 59

ceps (see Fig. 55) ; (2) haemostatic forceps; (3) extra ecraseur;
(4) needles containing ligatures and sutures; (5) trocar and
canula (ordinary horse size).

Anatomy — Same as for stallion castration. (See pages 19-21.')

Warning — Before beginning to operate, diagnose the case if
possible. Examine inguinal and scrotal regions for hernia (rup-
ture), abnormalities in development, diseases of the scrotum, etc.
Look out for constitutional diseases which would have a tendency
to endanger the life of animal or interfere with convalescense.
These diseases are strangles, influenza, pneumonia, pleurisy, bron-
chitis, catarrhal fever, purpura hemorrhagica, etc.

Don't thrust your whole hand through the abdominal wall, be-
cause your index and second finger will do enough damage to
the wall and besides they are ample inside the abdomen.

Don't explore the whole abdominal cavity in an effort to locate
the testicle. You wouldn't recognize it if you found it. Better
feel for the spermatic cord — something you can recognize if you
feel it — which is within two inches of the abdominal incision, pro-
vided 3^ou puncture the abdominal wall at the right place. T.et
the testicle take care of itself until later.

Take your time and do the operation well at all hazards.

Be careful in casting and tying and above all else don't get
excited. Remember that it is not you that is being operated upon.
It is the horse, and he does not even belong to you. If you should
happen to make a failure, remember that you are not the only
one whom such a misfortune has befallen.

Sterilization of Instriiments — Same as for castration of the stal-
lion. (See page 24.)

Cleansing and Disinfecting the Field of Operation — Of all the
operations in the domain of veterinary surgery where cleanliness
stands out prominently as being pre-eminentty important it is in
"Ridgling" castration. With tincture of green soap, warm water
and scrub brush thoroughly wash — by diligent scrubbing — the in-
guinal and scrotal regions, also inner aspect of the thighs. After
washing, sponge parts with absolute alcohol. Then paint scrotum
with tincture iodine and allow it time to dry before making in-
cisions.

60

AxiMAi. Castuatiox

Operative Technique as Applied in Ca.st rating the Intra-Ahdom-
inaJ ''Ridgling" {Miles' No. 3).
(a) Scrotat Incision — AVith rubber glove on left band (R) and
Miles' book castrating knife (T) in tbe rigbt band (S), tbe point
of sbeatb (V) is grasped with tbe left (R) and traction made
upward and forward. (See Fig. 42.) Beginning well forward
on scrotum tbe knife is drawn backward, making incision (U)
tbi'ougb skin, sulieutaneous C(mnective tissue and dartos only.
Tbis incision (U) sbould be five incbes long, x)arallel to and one

Fig. 42— Making Scrotal Incision. R, Left Hand; S. Right Hand; T, Knife;
V, Scrotal Incision; V, Point of Sheath.

incb to tbe side of rapbe or "median line." (See Figs. 42 and 43.)
Wben tbe incision or incisions are completed remove iul)l)('r glove
from previously wasbed left band and, if necessary, rewasb botb
bands before ])roceeding fui'tber.

(b) Opening and Entering the Tngainal Canal — Witb tbe four
fingers of eacb band, placed back to back, separate, by tearing, tbe
tissues down to tbe external abdominal ring, wbicb is tbe entrance
to inguinal canal. Tbe next step is to lubricate tbe scrotal wound

Animal Castration

61

and operating hand with carbolized olive oil. Then proceed, by fix-
ing fingers in shape of cone (see Fig. 44) and using a limited

Fig. 43 — Scrotal Incisions.

amount of force, to open and enter the inguinal canal until the
internal abdominal ring is reached. Remember the direction of
the canal is upwards and backwards. This ring is our landmark
for site of entering the alxlominal cavity. You may expect to
find the ring at a distance of six to ten inches above the scrotal
incision, depending, of course, ou size of animal.

Fig. 44— Position of Fingers in Opening and Entering the Inguinal Canal.

62

Axi:\rAL Castration

Fig. 45 — Entering the Abdominal Cavity by Perforating the Thin Abdominal Wall.
A, Right Hand in the Inguinal Canal; B. Peritoneum Perforator in Action; C, Incision;
D, Left Hand Manipulating Perforator.

(c) E)iterhi(j Abdoiiiiiidl ('(iritjj from bujniual Canal — With
the internal abdominal ring as one guide, we select a site one inch
above and one inch in front of it, where we proceed with peri-
toneum perforator to rupture through the thin abdominal wall,
which at this point consists of the transversalis fascia and peri-
toneum, as we are now above the upper border of the internal
oblique muscle. This affords us access to the abdominal cavity.
This perforation should not exceed oue inch in length.

(d) Locating the Spcriiiafir Cord — With the index and second
finger enlarge, by stretching, the alxlominal i)erf oration sufficiently
to admit both fingers (see Fig. 46). The cord (C) is almost in-
variably located within two inches of the abdominal perforation
(F). To find the cord, pass the second finger downwards against

Animal Castration

63

Fig. 46 — A Diagramatic Illustration Showing Important Facts Relative to "Ridgling"
Castration. This and the next cut illustrate far better than words could describe some
of the covered steps of the operation. A, Rectum; B, Cord of Right Descended Testicle;
C, Cord of Left Undescended Testicle; D, Right Internal Abdominal Ring; E, Left In-
ternal Abdominal Ring; F, Incision through the Abdominal Wall 1 inch above and 1 inch
in front of the Internal Abdominal Ring. Observe index and second finger protruding
through incision searching for Spermatic Cord. G G, Internal Abdominal Walls; H, Un-
descended Testicle floating loose in Abdominal Cavity attached to end of the Spermatic
Cord.

internal abdominal wall (G) and the index finger directly forward,
slightly upward toward center of abdominal cavity. By bringing
these two fingers together (Fig. 47) the cord (C) is caught be-

64

AXI^FAL OasTHATIOX

tweeii them. In oi'der to distiiiguisli it (cord) from other ab-
dominal viscera it is rnbl)ed l^etween the fingers and the vas def-
erens — a hard, wire-like cord — is plainly felt. Xothing else in-
side the abdominal cavity has this wire cord like feel, and when
it is felt between the fingers the cord is positively identified.

Fig. 47— A, Rectum; B, Cord of Right Descended Testicle; C, Cord of Left Un-
descended Testicle; D, Right Internal Abdominal Ring; E. Left Internal Abdominal
Ring; F, Abdominal Perforation through which is protruded index and second finger
of the operating hand grasping cord (C) of Undescended Testicle; G G, Internal Ab-
dominal Walls; H, Undescended (Left) Testicle.

Animal Castration

65

(e) Removing Testicle From the Abdominal Cavity — With the
cord (C) — and identified as such — between the two fingers mod-
erate traction is made and the unattached end of the cord con-
taining the testicle will follow through the abdominal perforation
(F) into the inguinal canal and out through scrotal incision.

Removing Testicle From Cord — Grasp testicle with left hand,
with right hand apply chain or ecraseur to cord. With two pounds
traction on cord force the ecraseur chain well up in scrotum — at
right angles to the cord — take up slack of chain and proceed to
sever cord.

Fig. 48 — Removing tlie T

L' Irom Cord. E, Testicle; F, Ecraseur.

(f) Final Step — Wash scrotum and surrounding parts with
antiseptic solution, being careful to remove all blood clots, etc.,
after which pack — scrotum onl,y — using one yard sterile gauze,

66 AxiMAi. Castration

and suture skin incision securely with uninterrupted suture.
Packing the scrotum cannot do any harm and there is a possi-
bility, in fact a pro])a1)ility, of tins precaution saving the life of
a patient. Especially is this true should colicky pains ensue within

Fig. 49— Testicle of a "Ridgling" Horse.

twelve hours after operating, in which event the rolling and tumh-
ling of the animal w^ould have a tendency to cause l^owel protru-
sion. As a precautionary measure I cannot too strongly recom-
mend i^acking the scrotum before the animal is allowed to rise
to his feet. If a monorchid, your job is completed ; if a cryptorchid,
turn the animal over and proceed to repeat the operation on the
other side without delay. Never attempt to remove both testicles
from the one abdominal opening, as in doing so it is necessary to
enlarge the opening sufficiently to admit the wdiole hand; such a
large abdominal wall perforation is dangerous and such procedure
would be considered bad practice.

T)ifra-Iu</iii)i(ir'Fi(JgU)ig/'

This is the variety in wdiich the testicle (testes) is inside the
abdominal cavity while a portion of the spermatic cord and some-
times the epydidimus is in upper part of the inguinal canal, of
course surrounded by the tunica vaginalis. (See Fig. 50.) This
coi'responds to Miles' No. 4.

This is the class which is calculated to confuse the inexperienced
operator.

Objects and indications, age, season, preparation, restraint, ]^osi-
tion, instruments, anatomy, washing, sterilization of instruments,
cleansing operator's hands and disinfection of operative field are
all the same as are emi)loyed in castrating the intra-abdominal
ridgling.

Animal Castration

67

Fig. 50 — Intra-Inguinal Cryptorchid (Bayer). A, Testes Inside Abdominal Cavity;
B B, Internal Abdominal Wall; C, Spermatic Cord Inside Inguinal Canal; D, Tunica
Vaginalis; E E, Dotted lines indicate outlines of Spermatic Cord; P, Internal Abdominal
Ring; G, Inguinal Canal.

Operative Technique — The incisions are made and the scrotum
and inguinal invaded in the same manner as that employed in the
intra-abdominal variety.

Location of the Testicle — The testicle is located by proceeding
carefully up the inguinal canal, at the same time making strict
search for the tunica vaginalis containing the spermatic cord and
sometimes the epidid^^nus. As soon as tunic is encountered ex-
amine it carefully in order that no mistake in diagnosis be made.
When satisfied that you are in possession of the tunica vaginalis,
pass hook knife up the canal sufficiently high to knick the tunic
and allow its contents — be they what they may — to escape into the
inguinal canal. You are now in possession of the spermatic cord
and are justified in applying a limited amount of traction in an
effort to bring the testicle from the abdominal cavity through the
internal abdominal ring into the inguinal canal. If successful,

68 Animal Castratiox

then all that remains to be done is to sever the spermatic cord with
the ecraseur and allow the animal to rise to his feet. Oftentimes
the amomit of traction which can safely be applied to the cord
will not suffice to bring the testicle out of the abdominal cavity.
The proper method of procedure in such a case is to perforate
the abdominal wall with the peritoneum perforator (Fig. 40) one
inch above and one inch forward of the internal abdominal ring.
With the index and second finger in the abdominal cavity return
the cord, and such other parts of it or the testicle as are in the
inguinal canal, to the abdominal cavity, after which the cord can
easily be brought through the abdominal perforation into the in-
guinal canal and there is no way for the testicle to fail to follow.
In other words, we make an intra-abdominal "ridgling" out of
the intra-inguinal ''ridgling" and castrate him as described in
detail on pages 51-62.

Supra Scrotal ''Bidgling" — This is the variety where the testi-
cle and spermatic cord are in the inguinal canal, however, too
high up to be felt even on deep pressure ("High flanker"). This
class is the usual one encountered in young animals, and corre-
sponds to Miles' No. 2.

Not being in possession of knowledge which would indicate to
us in advance that the testicle is not actually in the abdominal
cavity we are forced to proceed accordingly and prepare patient,
sterilize instruments, cast and tie, disinfect field of operation,
make scrotal incisions, invade scrotum and inguinal canal, the
same as we would for a "ridgiing" of the intra-abdominal va-
riety. However, encountering the tunica vaginalis containing the
testicle high up in the inguinal canal — outside of abdominal cav-
ity — we are spared the eifort and the animal the danger of per-
forating the abdominal wall. All that is necessaryy to be done is
to pass the hook knife u]^ the canal, knick the tunica vaginalis,
allow the testicle to escape, sever the cord with emasculator, and
allow the animal to rise to his feet.

Secondary Operation — Oftentimes a previous attempt — by an
incompetent operator — has been made to remove an undescended
testicle. In such cases the scrotum and groin are filled with sear
tissue to the extent of complicating the entrance to inguinal canal
and abdominal cavity and otherwise making the operation diffi-
cult, unpleasant and unsatisfactory. In such cases the conva-

Animal Castration 69

lescence is prolonged besides the mortality is greater than it would
have been had this unsuccessful previous attempt not been made.
In operating upon this class of cases the scrotum is entered in
the usual way, after which cut through and break down scar
tissue in the canal until the internal abdominal ring is reached.
In doing this it often becomes necessary to control j^rof use hemor-
rhage by ligation. When the internal abdominal ring is reached
we use it as a landmark and i3roceed to finish the operation in the
usual manner. Such cases are referred to as "Repeats."

(d) Anomalous ''Ridgling'' — This is the variety in which path-
ological ("diseased") testicles are encountered, and corresponds
to Miles' No. 5. The diseased conditions most often observed are
as follows: Hypertrophy, Cysts — including dermoid, simple se-
rous, and dentigeous varieties — Solid Tumors (Sarcocelous), etc.
In operating upon "ridglings" belonging to this class the same
general principles are employed as apply in castrating intra-
abdominal "ridgiings" with exception of size of the perforation
through the abdominal wall and methods of removing the testi-
cle therefrom. Instead of making a perforation only sufficiently
large to admit two fingers, it is usually necessary to make one
that will admit the whole hand. When cystic testicles are encoun-
tered it oftentimes becomes necessary to free them of their fluid
contents by use of trocar and canula before they can be withdrawn
through abdominal incision. In removing large, solid tumors which
are too voluminous to be brought down the inguinal canal then the
flank method of operating must be resorted to. The operative tech-
nique must be modified step by step as the circumstances and con-
dition met justify. The operator must solve the problems as they
arise. No fixed modus operandi applicable to such pathological
conditions can be intelligently outlined. It is "up to the individ-
ual operator," and my best advice is for you to "go to it" and
do your best.

After Care and Treatment — Place animal in a sanitary, well-
bedded box stall immediately after operation is completed. Halter
head up in such manner as to prevent him from lying down for
24 hours. If suffering severe pain (colicky) 1 ounce fluid extract
Cannabis Indica may be given in capsule at 2-hour intervals. Al-
low plenty of water, but no feed during first 12 hours. At the ex-

70 Axi:\rAL Castration

piratiuii of 24 liuurs i-eiiiuve packing, unhalter animal, and if
possible turn him to pasture. Turning to pasture is advocated for
two reasons, viz. : first, for exercise, which is a very essential part
of the after treatment; second, to get the patient away from the
dirt and manure around the barnyard and stable, thus avoiding
the greatest danger of wound contamination.

Moderate daily exercise is essential even should it l^ecome neces-
sary to force the patient to take it. Violent exercise is harmful,
and is not called for at any stage of the game. Usually as soon as
the swelling appears and the soreness develops — the very time
they need exercise most — there is a tendency on part of the ])a-
tient to stand still in one place for hours without moving. Should
such happen, the animal must be led in a walk at end of halter
rein about a mile morning and night until after the eighth or
ninth day. If lips of skin wound adhere together in such man-
ner as to interfere with free inguinal and scrotal drainage, then
the parts and the operator's fingers should be thoroughly washed
and the scrotum opened, after which irrigate the wound.

Keep bowels lax by bran mashes and green food.

Sequelae— ^ei:>tiG Infection (see page 74). Tetanus (see page
74). Abscess of Scrotum and Inguinal Canal (see page 74).
Colic (see page 77). Prolapse of Intestine (see page 76). In-
juries from Casting (see page 76). Peritonitis (see page 77).
Primary and Secondary Hemorrhage (see page 79). Oedema of
Sheath and Ventral Surface of Abdomen (see page 79). Para-
])himosis (see page 81). Azoturia (see page 77). Schirrous Cord
(see page 82.)

Be)iiarK's — If the foregoing illustrations and description of the
"ridgling" operation are not plain and self-explanatory, then the
author nuist confess that he is incapable of imparting knowledge
or information of this character. An extra effort was ])urposely
and honestly made to dispense with much superfluous "stuff"
often ternKHl "information" widely used by some in describing
the modus operandi of "ridgling" castrati(m. The reader is here
assured that the author's only object was to level the technique
down to a plain, solid, practical basis in order that this most nec-
essary economic operation could be learned and more generally
practiced for the benefit of mankind in general and the American
horse raising industr}^ in particular.

Animal Castration 71

Orchitis — Both acute and chi'onic orchitis are not infrequently
encountered in castration operation.

Definition — Inflammation of the testicle.

Symptoms— (a) Ante Orchitis— Swelling of testicle accompa-
nied by heat, also pain on pressure. Arching the loins, stiffness
and straddling gait are usually observed, (b) Chronic Orchitis —
Enlargement and hardening of the testicle accompanied 1)y adhe-
sion of that organ to the tunica vaginalis.

Advisahilitij of Castration — (a) Acute Orchitis— When an acute
case of orchitis is encountered and its presence recognized before
the scrotum is opened it is always advisable to postpone operation
until a later date in order to give the inflammation time to subside.

(b) Chronic Orchitis — There is no special reason why an animal
cannot be safely castrated while affected with chronic orchitis,
even though the case be an aggravated one. In such event the
testicle itself would be quite voluminous in size and completely
surrounded by adhesions firmly connecting it to the tunica vag-
inalis. The method of procedure when such a complication as this
is encountered is to proceed as you would in castrating a stallion
in normal condition, with the exception that it will he found neces-
sary to detach the testicle from the tunica vaginalis by tearing
and blunt and sharp dissection of the adhesions. Sometimes the
hemorrhage from blood vessels in the tunic is quite profuse and
must be controlled by hemostatic forceps and ligatures.

Adhesions — See Chronic Orchitis above.

HERMAPHRODITE.

Definition — An animal affected with hermaphrodism, a condi-
tion in which both sexes are manifested.

Objects and Indications — In those cases of hermaphrodism in
which the male genitals are most developed the animal will have
the same habits and exhibit most of the objectionable qualities
observed in the "ridgling." In such cases it is oftentimes ad-
visable to undertake the removal of the testicles. In fact, the vet-
erinarian is called upon to perform this operation much oftener
than is usually imagined.

72

Animal Castration

A^e— Same as castration of the stallion. (See page 14.)

Season — Spring and fall.

Preparation— ^ame as castration of the stallion. (See page 14.)

Restraint — Same as castration of the "ridgling." (See page
54.)

Anatomy — The general anatomy of the parts is, of course, the
same as that of the stallion. (See pages 19-21.) However, the
testicles in this class of animals are indefinitely located. There is
no hard and fast rule with reference to their location which would
be a definite guide in finding them. They are usually outsfde the
abdominal cavity. Most frequently in the inguinal canal, but in

Fig. 51 — Hermarhrudiif lloibci.

Animal Castration 73

some instances they are in posterior part of scrotum. Figure 51
illustrates one of the author's cases where one testicle was high
up in the inguinal canal and the other in the scrotum.

Instruments— '^2cmQ as castration of the *'ridgling." (See
pages 57-59.)

Position — ^Dorsal.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator's Hands —
Same as castration of the stallion. (See page 24.)

Operative Teclmiqiie — With animal cast a careful search should
be made in every conceivable direction and in every logical loca-
tion for the testicles. If they can be felt then the operation is
greatly simplified. If they are concealed then the proper course
to pursue is to open the scrotum and proceed up the inguinal canal
as you would in castrating a ' ' ridgling. ' ' When found the testicles
should be brought out of scrotal incision provided the spermatic
cords are not too short to permit it. If cords are short, then pass
the ecraseur up the canals and sever them.

After Care and Treatment— ^sune as ''ridgling." (See page
69.)

74 AxiMAL Castkatiox

CHAPTER VI.

SEQT^ELAE OF CASTKATIOX.

Septic /^//V'cf/o;/— Coiitaniiiiatioii of the wound cither during
operation or afterwards may result in Septicaemia, Pyaemia,
Peritonitis, Tetanus, Abscess, etc.

Abscess of Scrofiou (Did Inguinal Canal — This condition arises
as a consequence of septic infection associated with the skin inci-
sions adhering together too early after the ox)eration.

Treatment — Evacuation by lancing in such site and manner as
to afford free drainage. Followed by daily irrigation with any
reliable antiseptic solution is the extent of treatment.

Tetanus ("Lock Jaw") is the most frequent sequelae of cas~
tration in the Southern States, and from all information at hand
I am inclined to believe that this sequelae is no less frequent in
other sections of the United States.

Cause — We know that tetanus is caused by the Tetanus Bacillus
gaining access to the wound. This may take place either at time
of operation or later. Whenever a case of tetanus develops after
castration the owner will invariably censure the operator. How-
ever, experience has led me to conclude that the operator should
be held blameless in the great majority of instances. At least
ninety per cent of animals which dcATlop tetanus after castration
contract the infection from lying down in manure and dirt, thus
contaminating the wound, after the actual operation has been
performed. In every castration o])eration there is a ])ossibility
of post-operative infection.

Period of I))cuhation — The period of incubation varies fi'om
8 to 30 days.

Symptoms — Stiffness and contraction of all the voluntary nnis-
cles, more especially those of the tail and jaws. As a result of
this muscular stiffness the tail and head are i)rotruded, the jaws
stiff — partial or comi)lete — straddling and awkward gait. When
the head is raised the nictitating membrane ("haw") protrudes
over the eyel)all. (See Fig. 52.)

Animal Castration

75

Fig. 52— A Colt with Tetanus 18 Days After Castration.

Treat iitoif — Is both prophylactic and curative. Prophylactic
treatment consists in the administration of 1,500 units of tetanus
antitoxin immediately after each castration operation.

Curative treatment consists of casting the animal, opening up
the scrotal wound and swabbing it out thoroughly with tincture
of iodine, afer which place him in a quiet box stall away from
other live stock and noise and administer .30 grains powdered ex-
tract Cannabis Indica three times a day. The diet should consist
of sloppy foods.

MortaJitij — The mortality will vary from 30 to 75 per cent.

Prolapse of the Onieutum — While prolapse of the omentum is
a rare sequelae of castration, nevertheless, it does sometimes occur,
and when it does take place prompt and heroic measures in the
way of treatment are imperative if the life of the animal is to be
saved. Usually when the omentum protrudes from the scrotal
incision it is simply a forerunner of what is to happen later, viz. :
protrusion of the intestine and death of the animal unless intelli-
gently directed relief measures are promptly institued.

76 Animal Castration

Operative Tecluiique — Cast and secure patient in Dorsal posi-
tion, after which cleanse parts and hands of the operator by care-
fully and thoroughly washing with antiseptic solution. Sever
protruding portion of omentum with the emasculator, after which
replace that portion which remains in the inguinal canal back
through the internal abdominal ring into the abdominal cavity.
If there is evidence of the internal abdominal ring being abnor-
mally enlarged it is safest, in fact advisable, to gather up the tunica
vaginalis and ligate it as near the internal abdominal ring as
possible with chromicized catgut (14 day) large size. Proceed
same as for inguinal and scrotal hernia, pages 47-51. If thought
advisable there is no special objection to packing scrotum with
sterile gauze and suturing up. Remove sutures and packing in
24 to 30 hours and irrigate the canal and scrotum once daily for
8 days with Lysol or Cresol Compound, U. S. P., in the strength
of 1 tablespoonful to each quart of water. Daily exercise at pas-
ture or to halter is advisable.

Prolapse of Intestine — This is another rare though dangerous
and annoying sequelae of castration, one which is always fatal
unless treated promptly and properly.

Operative Tecliuiquc — Same as outlined above for treatment
of prolapse of omentum with the exception that if the loop of
intestine is distended by gas it should be allowed to escape by
use of small trocar and canula. If internal abdominal ring is con-
tracted or too small to permit return of intestinal loop then it be-
comes necessary to enlarge the ring (Kelotomy) by using probed
point bistoury.

In juries as Result of Casting — It is possible for the animal to
receive halter burns, lacerations and abrasions of different kinds.
Rupture of muscles and tendons sometimes occur. The vertebrae
and other bones may become fractured. Some horses present rad-
ical paralysis as a sequelae of casting, while others become ex-
hausted and never rise after being released. The correct treat-
ment of the above will be left to the judgment of the operator.
They are mentioned here more as a warning to him to exercise
care, good judgment, and discretion in manipulating his restraint
technique than for any other reason. "Safety first" should be the
watchword.

Animal Casteation 77

Colic — Post-operative colic characterized by abdominal and
scrotal pain, and not infrequently by more or less flatulence is a
by no means rare occurrence, especially in old stallions and crypt-
orcMds.

Treatment — Choral hydrate or fluid extract Cannabis Indica in
1 ounce doses at 2-hour intervals until pain subsides.

Peritonitis — Septic infection is the direct cause of peritonitis
as a sequelae of castration. The infection can be introduced at
time of operation by contaminated instruments or hands of the
operator or it may be of post-operative origin as a result of wound
infection from manure and dirt in barnyard or pasture.

Peritonitis develops most often as a sequelae of cryptorchid
C'ridgiing") castration than otherwise. It is one of if not the
most serious sequelae of castration.

Symptoms — Peritonitis as a result of sepsis usually ensues 2
to 5 days after operation. Its development is characterized by
chilly sensations, indisposition to move about, and in the event
of moving there is a well marked stiffness and soreness of gait.
Restlessness, pawing with the fore feet, and striking at abdomen
with hind ones. Abdomen and flanks tucked up and decidedly
rigid. Constipation is usually evident, and colicky pains may be
shown. Tenderness on pressure to the abdominal wall, partic-
ularly shown when this pressure is made in the flank region. Ele-
vated temperature (102 to 105 degrees F.), quick breathing, hard
and wiry pulse. If death does not ensue in a short time, there is
usually an extensive effusion of fluid in the abdominal cavity.

Treatment — Purgatives should never be administered. If nec-
essary to secure bowel movement better resort to and depend en-
tirely upon enemas. To allay the pain there is nothing better than
tincture opium 1 ounce given in capsules at intervals of 4 hours.
A mustard plaster applied to abdominal wall is indicated in the
majority of cases.

Progn osis — Unfavorable.

Azoturia — This is a disease caused hy hyper-nutrition and lack
of bodily exercise, the development of which — as a sequelae of
castration — is extremely embarrassing to say the least of it. Azo-
turia never develops where daily exercise either at work or in
pasture is allowed. However, with animals that have been well

78 Axi:mal Castratiox

fed and kept confined in stall it is a condition which we may en-
connter at any time when casting and confining snch animal.

On acconnt of the danger of azotnria it is well to know whether
the animal has had snfficient exercise before yon nndertake to
operate.

Sfjniptoni.s — After the operation is completed and the restraint
apparatus removed the animal may fail to rise to his feet alto-
gether, or upon rising may be stiff in one or more legs — most fre-
quently the hind legs — perspiring freely, evincing pain by pawing,
and restlessness. If urine is voided we observe the characteristic
''coffee color." Swelling and rigidity of muscles of haunch (Grlu-
tius Maximus) knuckling in hind ankles, etc., are diagnostic symp-
toms of this affection.

Prevention — Daily exercise.

Treatment — Catheterization. Stinndating liniments rub])ed on
affected muscles. Internally, F. E. belladonna V2 ounce, sweet
spirits nitra 1 ounce, in capsules, at 2-hour intervals. An aloes
purge is sometimes beneficial. If the case is a mild one and the
animal can stand upon its feet it is advisable to halter head up
to prevent lying down.

POST-OrERATIVE HEMOERHAGE — PRIINIARY AND SECONDARY.

(a) Prhuarij HcniorrJuujc — -May ensue immediately after the
operation from failure of emasculator to close the spermatic
artery or from the scrotal plexis of veins being severed with
point of knife at time incision is made.

Treatment — It is onlv in extremely rare instances that it be-
comes necessary to artificially control hemorrhage of this source
and character. Nature wdll, as a rule, relieve the surgeon of such
responsibility, provided he will be patient for 20 to 30 minutes
and allow her time to do it. It is more often necessary to treat
the owner while his animal is bleeding than it is to treat the
animal itself. During twenty-one years' experience, in which
time more than 14,000 stallions, colts and mules were castrated,
not a single animal died as a result of primary hemorrhage, and
not a single cord was ligated nor a scrotum packed. If you pro-
cure a properly constructed emasculator the next thing is to
impose the utmost confidence in it, in which event you will not

Animal Castration 79

become unduly alarmed every time a stallion or colt bleeds freely
for a few minutes after castration. Eemember that it is impos-
sible to do a bloodless operation with the emasculator. If you are
expecting a bloodless job you will as a rule be disappointed ex-
cept in extremely enemic colts. If you are afraid of hemorrhage,
remember that the only method of operation in which you do not
get more or less blood is the antiquated ligature. If a stallion
bleeds freely after castration operation the best way to proceed is
to place him in a box stall, shut the door and go with the owner to
dinner. After dinner take a leisurely smoke with the owner — this
usually consumes about an hour's time— after which examine the
patient and you will find that nature has come to your rescue and
hemorrhage has ceased.

(b) Secondary Hemorrhage — This form of hemorrhage inva-
riably ensues from the spermatic artery and contrary to primary
hemorrhage is dangerous, and may result in death of animal un-
less controlled. It usually occurs from one to six hours after
castration ; however, it sometimes occurs several days after oper-
ation. Hemorrhage of this character is usually caused by dis-
eased conditions of the arteries (Haemophilia), increased heart
action, sloughing of spermatic cord, etc. The blood comes in
spurts directly from the artery in a good size stream.

Treatment — Nature cannot be depended upon to control this
class of hemorrhage. Sometimes it is possible to apply haemo-
static forceps to mouth of the bleeding vessel. When this can-
not be done with the animal in standing posture then cast and
secure the patient in dorsal position, thoroughly cleanse the parts
with antiseptic solution and make an effort to ligate the artery.
This should always be done with chromicized catgut (10 day).
If silk or any other form of unabsorbable ligature material is used
a scrotal fistula is liable to result. In the event it is found impos-
sible to locate and ligate the artery, then you would be justified in
packing the canal and scrotum with sterile gauze and suturing
the skin incision. Remove the packing in 24 hours, after which
irrigate parts once daily with antiseptic solution.

Oedema of Sheath and Ventral Surface of Abdomen — Oedema
as a sequelae of castration (See Fig. 53) is a condition which we
may reasonably expect in the great majority of instances, espe-

80

AxiMAL Castration

cially may we expect it in aged stallions and those which are kept
stabled and not allowed the requisite amount of exercise. Unless
the sheath and abdominal swelling is associated with a local or
systemic sej^tic infection or it becomes so voluminous as to cause
interference with voiding the urine, it is harmless and requires no
treatment aside from free scrotal drainage and exercise. The
swelling begins to appear on the third day and gradually enlarges
until the sixth day, after which it begins to recede rapidly until
the eighth or ninth day, at which time complete recovery has
usually taken place.

Treatment — When treatment is required the first thing to be
done is to wash the scrotal and inguinal and sheath regions with
Lysol or Cresol Compound, U. S. P., in the strength of one
tablespoonful to each quart of water. Cleanse the hands in like

Fig. 53 — Oedema of Sheath Fourth Day After Castration.

Animal Castration

81

manner. With twitch applied and held by an assistant, two
fingers are introduced into the scrotal wound by forcing the lips
of the incision apart sufficiently to afford free scrotal and inguinal
canal drainage, after which irrigate the parts with antiseptic so-
lution. With a sharp-pointed bistoury the point of sheath (an-
terior portion) may be punctured at the several dependent sites
in order to allow the accumulated fluid to escape by oozing out.
In scarifying the sheath the blade of the knife should be guarded
with the thumb in such a way as to prevent too deep puncturing.
Paraphimosis— J^rolsipse of the penis (See Fig. 54) may re-
sult from extensive inflammation and swelling of the spermatic

Fig. 54 — Paraphimosis Eight Days After Castration.

cords (funiculitis) and extensive oedema of the sheath. Gen-
erally the penis protrusion is merely a temporary affair, and as
soon as the swelling and inflammation of the spermatic cords,

82 Animal Casteatiox

sheath and scrotum subsides the penis assumes its normal posi-
tion in the sheath.

Treatment — The first essential is to support the pendulent penis,
as its great weight and position are unfavorable for absorption
of the fluid and reduction of the swelling. Bathe the swollen
parts with plenty of warm water to which has been added sugar
of lead (plumbii acetate) in the strength of one ounce to each
gallon of water. With a properly constructed suspensory a warm
pack saturated with the above solution may be kept applied to
the parts,

SchirroHs Cord or Chronic FuiiicnJitis (Champig)io)i) — Is an
enlarging and hardening of the stump of the spermatic cord. It
sometimes reaches enormous proportions, sufficiently large in
some instances to fill and distend the whole inguinal canal and
groin. In long standing chronic cases the cord is surrounded
by dense adhesions. A genuine schirrous cord never reduces in
size spontaneously, but has a tendency to grow larger and be-
come harder.

Cause — There are two principle reasons for this sequelae of
castration :

1. Operator leaving stump of cord sufficiently long to be
caught between lips of scrotal incisions during the healing process.
This, of course, strangulates the cord and causes it to enlarge
and harden.

2. Infection either actinomycotic, streptococcic, or botryomy-
cotic. This accounts for the constant pus discharge and numerous
abscesses which make their appearance from time to time. Either
ignorance or carelessness on the part of operator is responsible
for this unappreciated condition. By removing enough cord and
practicing cleanliness at the outset schirrous cord would be to a
large degree eliminated. The development of schirrous cords was
largely reduced when the emasculator superceded the old-style
clamp method of operating.

Treatment — In the acute stage of development — which means
two to six weeks after castration — the scrotal region should be
frequently cleansed by washing. The scrotal wound itself should
be painted once every two days with tincture iodine. During this
period it is well to give iodide potash in I-drachm doses once a day.

Animal Castration

83

Fig. 55— A Well Developed Schirrous Cord.

If af the end of six weeks the tumefaction still persists, then
the radical operation — which consists in total ablation — is justi-
fied and in fact indicated.

Restraint—^ame as for ridgiing castration, see page 54.

Position — Dorsal.

General Anaesthesia is always indicated when possible, as the
operation is extremely painful and usually prolonged for a con-
siderable length of time in order to control hemorrhage.

Instruments, etc. —

1. Ecraseur (Figs. 5, 6, 7, and 8).

2. Threaded needles for ligating blood vessels, suturing skin

incision and ligating cord if for any reason the ecraseur
fails to sever it.

84

Animal Castration

3. Sterile gauze in liberal aniuunt.

4. Haemostatic forceps (several pairs).

5. Sharp scalpel.

6. Yulselliuii forceps (Fig. 56.)

7. Thuiiil) tissue forceps.

Fig. 56 — Vulsellum Forceps (8-inch).

Fig.

57— Schirrous Cord, Showing Skin Incision. B, Old Cicatrix with Imprisoned End of
Cord; C, Scrotum; D, Elliptical Skin Incisions tor Ablating the Growth.

Animal Castration

85

Sterilization of Instrumefits, Cleansing Operator's Hands and
Field of Operation — Same as castration of the stallion. (See
page 24.)

Operative Technique — With field of operation, operator's hands,
and instruments sterile and animal in dorsal position, proceed
to operate as follows: With scalpel in right hand make two
curved elliptical incisions (D, Fig. 57) 5 inches long with the orig-
inal cicatrix (scar) B as the center. These incisions should pen-
etrate skin and subcutaneous connective tissue only. By careful
dissection (both sharp and blunt) the cord is gradually loosened
and isolated by breaking down the numerous dense adhesions
surrounding it. The elliptical section of skin which is removed
on end of cord should be sufficiently large to include all external

Fig. 58 — Removing Schirrous Cord with Ecraseur. E, Schirrous Cord with Ecraseur
Chain Around It; F, Vulsellum Forceps; G, Ecraseur; H, Right Hand of Operator,

86 Animal Castration

diseased tissue, such as sears, grauulations, etc. The tumor is
now grasped with the vulseUum forceps (Fig. 58.) These are
held by an assistant in such maimer as to afford considerable
direct upward traction. With the cord tense from traction the
careful dissection is continued up the inguinal canal until a point
is reached well above the diseased or indurated portion of the
cord. If the entire cord is diseased, then we should proceed up
the canal to a point in close proximity to the internal abdominal
ring. Usually after the cord is released from its scrotal adhe-
sions the remainder of the dissection process can be completed by
tearing with the fingers. All freely bleeding blood vessels — except
those in cord itself — should be ligated as you proceed. When
the growth is freed from all surrounding attachments the ecraseur
chain should be placed around it as high up as necessary and
with continued traction from vulsellum forceps the cord is quickly
severed.

If cord is too large to be severed by the ecraseur, then the
ligature must be resorted to. In such event the cord should be
transfixed and ligated in several sections. The scrotal wound
should now be irrigated thoroughly with bichloride mercury solu-
tion in the strength of 1-1000, after which pack tightly with for-
malized gauze and suture up securely.

After Treatment — If upon completion of the operation decided
shock is imminent the animal should have strychnine % grain,
nitiTj-glycerine i/i gi'ain, hypodermically. If a large amount of
blood has been lost normal saline solution injected intravenously
is indicated. Remove packing in 36 hours and irrigate the wound
daily with Lysol or Cresol Compound, U. S. P., in the strength of
a tablespoonf ul to each quart of water.

Exuberant Granulations — On account of some mishap in oper-
ative technique or some character of infection, exuberant granula-
tions sometimes appear as a sequelae of castration. They are, of
course, first acute and in most instances disappear without treat-
ment. However, if a cure is not effected in the acute stage, then
they assume a chronic form and may reach enormous proportions
in size. (See Fig. 59.) They are usually extra-scrotal.

Animal Castration

87

M^

Fig. 59 — Exuberant Granulations Which Have Assumed the Chronic Form and
Reached Enormous Size.

If not attached to cord their removal and after treatment is a
simple matter, consisting in removing the skin by dissection well
around their base, controlling cutaneous hemorrhage and daily
washing the wound wdth antiseptic solution.

Hydrocele {''Water Bag") — Is simply an accumulation of se-
rous fluid in the testicular sac (tunica vaginalis), from which the
testicle itself has been removed.

Cause — There is only one cause for this condition. It may be
directly attributed to either the operator's carelessness or igno-
rance. The only reason for the development of hydrocele as a
sequelae of castration is leaving too much of the tunica vaginalis

88

AxiMAL Castration

in the scrotum at time of severing the spermatic cord. If at least
one inch of the tunica be removed then there is no occasion, in
fact, no possibility of a hydrocele developing.

Frequency — It is rare to see hydrocele in the stallion and colt,
however, the reverse is true as regards the mule. Hydrocele is
decided!}^ the most frequent sequelae of mule castration, and noth-
ing reflects quite so much — in mule raising centers — upon a man 's
ability and qualification as having numerous mules which he cas-

Fig. 60 — Well Developed Hydrocele ("Water Bag") in a Three-Year-Old Mule.
A, Hydrocele.

trates turn up later with "water bags." While they do not inter-
fere in the least with the general health and usefulness of the
animal they are nevertheless great "eye sores," and depreciate
the animal's marketable value, hence should in every instance be

Animal Casteation

89

removed by surgical interference. They may be unilateral or
bilateral.

Preparation — Same as for castration of the stallion. (See page
14.)

Sterilization of Instruments and Operator's Hands — Same as
for castrating the stallion. (See page 24.)

Restraint — For small mules, same as for castration of the colt.
(See page 36.) For large mules, same as for castration of the
' ' ridgiing. " (See pages 54-56.)

Position — Dorsal.

Instruments —

1. Miles' hook castrating knife. (See Fig. 25.)

2. Vulsellum forceps. (See Fig. 56.)

3. Ecraseur. (See Fig. 41.)

4. Haemostatic forceps.

Fig. 61— Hydrocele Showing Skin Incisions. B, Hydrocele; C, Incisions;
E, Right Hand of Operator.

90

Axi:\iAL Casteation

SteriUzation of Field of Opcrafion — Same as castration of the
stallion. (See page 24.)

Technique of Operation — With Miles' hook castrating knife in
right hand (E) two curved or elliptical incisions are made (C,
Fig. 61) to the right and left of the most prominent part of the
hydrocele (B). This means that the old cicatrix (scar) is in cen-
ter of section of skin removed. These incisions should be made
from 4 to 5 inches long — depending upon size of the hydrocele.
They should extend through skin and subcutaneous connective tis-
sue only. With the vulsolhun forceps grasp elliptical section of

Fig. 62 — Hydrocele Showing Method of Removal by the Ecrascur. F, Lett Hai
Operator; G, Vulsellum Forceps; H, Hydrocele; I, Ecraseur; J, Right Hand
of Operator.

skin which is to l)c removed with the hydrocele. Have assistant
make upward traction while the superficial subcutaneous adhesions
are being carefully broken down by sharj) dissection. These ad-
hesions never extend deep and are readily broken down. If neces-
sary ligate spurting blood vessels as you proceed. As soon as the
scrotal adhesions are removed from around tunica vaginalis the

Animal Castration 91

operator takes charge of the Yulselhim forceps with his left hand
and with fingers of the right tears the tunica vaginalis loose from
its delicate fascia attachments until a point is reached on the
spermatic cord well aboA^e where it was formerly severed. The
chain of the ecraseur is now applied to tunica ("sac") and the
same, including the stump of spermatic cord, is severed. It is
rarely ever necessary to pack the scrotum in order to control hem-
orrhage.

Fig. 63 — Hydrocele After Removal.

After Care and Treatment — About all this is necessary is daily
observation in order to see that everything proceeds well. If
sequelae arise they must be treated as outlined under their re-
spective headings.

92 Animal Castration

CHAPTER VII.

CASTRATIOX OF THE BULL.

Objects and Iiidicatioiis — The operation is usually performed
for purely economic purposes. However, in some instances, on
account of diseased conditions of the scrotum, testicle and sper-
matic cord, it becomes necessary to castrate. On the other hand
some bulls become vicious to the extent of being a source of
danger and annoyance to their owners and attendants, in which
event castration must be resorted to. As an economic operation
— especial^ in young animals — its value is beyond estimate. Cas-
tration increases physical development and hastens early growth
as well as improving the texture, odor, wholesomeness and nutri-
tive properties of the beef. Bulls are also castrated for the j)ur-
pose of making work oxen.

Castrated bulls are known as "steers."

Age — From several days to several years. The younger the
better. Most calves are submitted to the operation at about two
to three months old.

Season — Early spring, late fall and winter. The bull or calf
should never be submitted to castration operation during "fly
time." Bovine animals do not possess the same instinct In pro-
tecting themselves from flies — by warding them off with tail —
as does the equine species. On this account late spring, early fall
and summer are unfavorable seasons for castrating this class of
animals. Bulls are castrated in both the standing and recumbent
posture.

Preparation — No special preparation is necessary unless the ani-
mal is to be cast and tied, in which event have the alimentary
tract empty by withholding feed for 24 hours before operating.

CASTRATION OF THE BULL IN THE RECUMBENT POSTURE.

Restraint — When it becomes necessary to cast and tie the ani-
mal for this operation an excellent method of doing so is with
the Conkey self -lock buckle hobbles. (Fig. 64.)

Animal Castration

93

Fig. 64— Conkey's Self Lock Buckle Hobbles Applied.

These hobbles have the advantage of being strong, safe, quick
to apply and easy to remove. The degree of restraint afforded by
them is ample, especially when used in conjunction with a 15-foot
rope. In applying hobble straps to cattle always buckle or loop
them above the ankles, otherwise there is a tendenc}^ for them
to slip over the foot and off. The hobbles are applied as follows
(Fig. 64): With an assistant (C) at the head, a "holder" in
the nose (A) and rope around horns (B) buckle a hobble strap
above ankles of both hind (G, H) and the right fore (E).
Buckle master hobble strap above left fore ankle (D). Pass the
end of rope through hobble strap (G) then through (H), then
through (E), and lastly across through self -lock buckle (F).
By making tension on rope (I) from (J) — at direct right angles
to the animal — he is cast on the right side. After the animal is
cast (See Fig. 65) the uppermost hind ankle (N) is released
from its hobble strap and the end of a 15-foot rope looped on
instead of the hobble strap. This rope (P) is passed over withers
(O) under neck (Q) and above hock (R) in such manner as to
draw the foot against the abdomen and flex the hock to a certain
degree. In this position of the animal the operation can be pro-
ceeded with without danger to either the operator or patient.
Calves may be held without tieing by one or more assistants.

94

AxiMAF. Castration

Sv

^

^

1

^

1

r^ .

_ -,^^a|^^^^

w^\

P

1^/ ■ ^

^^^X

y^

kf

^^^^^^^^^I^^^^^^H

Fig. 65 — Bull Cast and Tied for Castration Operation.

Iiistriuncufs — The emasculator (Figs. 5, 6, 7, and 8) and cas-
trating knife are the only instruments needed. The Miles hook
castrating knife (Fig. 25) and the AVilliams castrating knife (Fig.
2) are equally satisfactory for this operation.

ANATOMY.

In order to operate intelligently some knowledge of the anatomy
of the scrotum, testicle and inguinal canal is necessary. However,
lack of space prevents going into details here. By reference to
Fig. 66 a general idea of the relation and position of the generative
or reproductive organs of the bull may be had.

Testicle — The testicle is a compound tubular gland ovoid in
shape and well developed with its long axis vertical. On the
epididymus is a well developed globus major.

Penis — The penis is round in shape and long in length. It pro-
jects far under the abdomen and possesses the well recognized S-
shape curve. Its gland is small and pointed.

Prejnice — The prepuce is located well under the abdomen. It
is simply an elastic sheath, surrounded at its external opening by
long stiff hairs. Its cavity is from 10 to 15 inches long.

Scrotum — The scrotum is long and loendulous, and has a well
marked neck. It is suspended between the thighs somewhat fur-
ther forward than in the stallion.

Animal Castration

95

Fig. 66 — Generative or Reproductive Organs of the Bull. A, Ejaculator Seminis;
D, Intrapelvic Portion of Urethra; C, Urinary Bladder; D, D, Ureters; E, E, Intra-
Abdominal Portion of Spermatic Cords; F, S-Shape Curve in Penis; G, Retractor Muscles
of Sheath; H, H, Tunica Vaginalis; I, Penis; J, Prepuce; K, Scrotum; L, L, Testicles;
M, M, Internal Abdominal Rings.

Spermatic Cord — The spermatic cord and its covering — tnnica
vaginalis — is much longer than in the stallion.

Inguinal Canal — This canal is long and narrow, and directed
almost perpendicular to the scrotum.

96

Animal Castration

Fig. 67— Testicle of Bull.

A, Siieimuiic Cuid; B, Testes; C, Globus Major of Epididy-
mus; D, Epididymus.

Sterilisation of Instruments and Cleansing Operator's Hands —
Same as castration of the stallion. (See page 24.)

Disinfection of the Operative Field — While this step in the op-
erative procedure is usually ignored entirely or if done at all it
is usually done in a perfunctory manner, nevertheless such neg-
lect is inexcusable. On account of the danger of sepsis and other
sequelae known to follow bull castration, the operator should take
the time and precaution necessary to disinfect the field of opera-
tion. This may be quickly done as follows :

(a) Scrub scrotum and inside of thighs with soap and warm
water until all visible dirt is removed.

(b) Wash parts with Lysol or Cresol Compound, U. S. P., in
the strength of one tablespoonful to each quart of water.

Operative Technique — There are two methods of making the

Animal Castration

97

scrotal incision, (a) lateral or side incisions (see Fig. 68) ; (b)
end incision (see Fig. 69).

Lateral or Side Incision — This method is the most popular one,
as after recovery there is less mntilation of the scrotum.

Fig. 68 — Method of Making Lateral or Side Scrotal Incisions. A, Right Testicle in
Scrotum; B, Scrotum; C, Knife; D, Right Hand; B, Left Hand; F, Incision.

Grasp left side of scrotum in left hand and by compressing it
force right testicle to the right until the skin of scrotum is
stretched tight. With sterilized knife in right hand begin in-
cision 4 inches above apex of scrotum and bring it down to near
the apex. The incision should be made through the skin, subcuta-
neous connective tissue dartos and tunica vaginalis. This exposes
the testicle. Grasp the testicle with the right hand and with the
left strip the attached scrotal tissue from the cord until the cord
itself is isolated well up to summit (top) of scrotum. The final

98

Axi^rAL Castratiox

step of the ()i)erati(Hi consists in graspint;- testicle with k't't hand
and malving two pounds tension on its eord. With right hand
apply eniaseulator to the spermatic cord and force it (eniasculator)
well to the summit (top) of scrotum. By bringing handles to-
gether the cord and its coverings ai'e severed. The op])osite testi-
cle is likewise removed.

Fig. 69 — Method of Operating in Which Apex (Bottom) of Scrotum Is Removed. G, H,
Testicles in Scrotum; I, Knife; J, Right Hand; K, Left Hand; L, Incision.

(b) The other method of scrotal incisions (Fig. 69) consists in
grasi)ing apex (bottom) of scrotum with left hand and by com-
pressing it force the testicles uijward until the lower one-third of
the scrotum may be severed without injuring them. With knife in
right hand it is an easy affair to remove the lower one-third of
the scrotal sac.

The tunica vaginalis containing the testicles drops outside the

Ani^ial Castration

99

remaining portion of scrotnm. By knieking the tunic the testi-
cles themselves are exposed. With right hand grasp one of them
and make two pounds traction on the cord, with left hand strip
the scrotal tissue from the cord until it is isolated well up to
summit (top) of scrotum. Next grasp testicle with left hand
and make two pounds traction on cord. With right hand apply
the emasculator and force it upward to summit (top) of scrotum
in order that a sufficient amount of spermatic cord will be re-
moved. By bringing handles of emasculator together the cord
and all its coverings are severed. This method has the advantage
of affording ideal scrotal drainage.

Fig. 70 — Severing Spermatic Cord with Emasculator (Recumbent Posture). T, Right

Hand; U, Testicle; V, Spermatic Cord and Its Coverings; W, Emasculator

X, Left Hand; Y, Opposite Testicle.

After Care and Treat me )it — Turn to pasture and make daily
observation to see that all is going well. If the scrotal wound
closes in such manner as to interfere with drainage and cause
extensive swelling, then it should be opened and the scrotum irri-
gated with antiseptic solution.

100

Axi:mal Castratiox

CASTRATION OF THE BULL IX STAXDIXG POSTURE.

Restraiiif—lf the animal possesses horns a strong rope may be
looped around them and his head drawn close up to a post. Tn
most instances this is all the restraint employed. Contrary to
the prevalent popular opinion the bull can actually kick backwards
about as hard as he can sidewise. In castrating most bulls in the
standing posture the oi)erator must either stand out of range of
the hind feet, contine them by means of roi)es, or take his chances
on the kicking proposition. In castrating young bulls (3 to 6

Fig. 71— Castration of tlie Bull in Standing Posture. E, Post; F, Rope; G, Left Hand;
H, Scrotum; I, Incision; J, Right Hand; K, Knife.

Animal Castration 101

months of age) the standing posture is ideal and injury to the
operator by kicks is extremely rare.

The same instruments, preparation, disinfection of site of
operation, sterilization of instruments, scrotal incisions, etc., are
employed here as castrating bulls in the recumbent posture. The
operator should — while making scrotal incision — have his knife
under thorough control as at this time there is almost invariably an
alu'upt movement on part of the animal which might result in the
knife coming in contact with the tendo-achillis ("hamstring") and
doing irreparable damage. Calves are castrated in the same man-
ner as bulls.

castration of the crittorchid and monorchid
("ridgling") bull.

Compared with the horse and hog, ciyptorchidism in cattle
is extreme^ rare. However, such a complication does actually
exist, and it behooves those who are expected to perform such
classes of operations to qualify themselves for this one.

Objects and Indicafions — Same as castration of the bull. See
page 92.

Age — Six to twelve months.

Preparcdion — Withhold all food for twenty-four hours previous
to operating.

Position — Standing.

Restraint — A simple, quick and efficient method of handling a
bull for this operation is illustrated in Fig. 72. With a iT)pe around
horns (B), if "polled" use halter, and holder in nose (A), the
head is made fast to gate post (C). While assistant continues to
hold rope attached to nose the second assistant grasps tail (D)
and draws it between slats of gate or fence (E). With animal in
this position and thus secured he can be castrated with little annoy-
ance in so far as body movement is concerned. If stocks are avail-
able of course they should be used in preference to this method.

Instruments—

1. Miles' hook castrating knife. (Fig. 25.)

2. Emasculator. (Figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8.)

3. Hair clippers. (Fig. 145.)

4. Spraying needle. (Fig. 152.)

5. Strong flax or braided silk for flank sutures.

102

AxiMAL Castration

Fig. rJ. -Rid.^liiig Bull ronlined lor llciblraliou.

Sterilization of Iiistninicnts aitd Cicausiiuj Ilaiuts of Operator —
The instrunients should be lH)iled for 15 to 20 minutes. Operator's
hands should ])e thoroughly washed with soap and warm water,
using scrub brush, after which wash in Lysol or Cresol Compound.
U. S. P., in the strength of one tablespoonful to each quart of
water.

Preparation of Operatire Field — With clippers the hair in flank
region should be removed, after which thoroughly wash parts with
soap and warm water, using scrub brush, then with Lysol or Cresol
Comioound, U. S. P., in the strength of one tablespoonful to each
quart of water. As a further precaution against septic infection
the skin should be painted with tincture iodine.

Operatire TeeJniique — The most poi)ular and satisfactory
method of operating is flank laparotomy, which is as ftdlows:
With Miles' hook castrating knife make flank incision in the same
manner and the same size as for heifer spaying. All the details
of this incision are well illustrated and described under head of
heifer spaying, and the reader is strongly advised to refer to this
reference before reading further in regard to the technique of the
operation.

Animal Castration

103

'A

Fig. 73— Removing Testicle of "Ridgling" Bull with Emasculator. G, Flank Incision;
H, Emasculator; I, Testicle; J, Hand.

Fig. 74— Flank Incision Closed by Three Inteirupted Sutures. K, Sutures.

lOtt Axi:^iAL Castkatiox

The flank incision itself is by far the most important step of the
operation, and remember that there is only one x)roper way to
make it. Learn how it should be made and make it that way.

If we are invading the left flank the operator's left hand should
be forced through the abdominal incision and a careful search
made — toward the pelvic region — for either the testicle or sper-
matic cord. One or both of them will soon be encountered. Bring
the testicle outside the abdominal cavity if the cord is sufficiently
long to permit it. Then sever cord with emasculator and drop
stump of cord back into the abdominal cavity. If the cord is not
long enough to permit testicle being brought out of abdomen, then
the emasculator or ecraseur may be passed through the incision
and cord severed inside.

The wound is now sponged ofl with antiseptic solution and
closed by three interrupted sutures.

After Care and Treatment — Limited diet for five days. Re-
moval of sutures at expiration of eight days. If stitch abscess
forms the suture mav be removed at an earlier date.

Animal Castration 105

CHAPTER VIII.

CASTRATION OF THE BOAR.

Objects and Lidicatiois — Pigs are castrated in order to facili-
tate their growth and fattening. Aside from tlie above the opera-
tion has a tendency to improve their behavior when associated with
other hogs, especially sows. Older hogs (boars) are often castrated
when having reached the limit of usefulness as breeding animals,
it is decided to prepare them for market. Even when castrated,
boars never make choice meat. However, the}^ take on flesh (fat-
ten) very readily and their characteristic odor disappears to a de-
cided degree. Castrated boars are known as "stags." Castrated
pigs are referred to as "barrows" and it is a well-recognized fact
that "barrows" command a higher market price than do boars.

Castration is an operation which is universally practiced wher-
ever swine are raised.

Age — Pigs are best castrated either tw^o weeks before or two
weeks after weaning. If the operation is performed at or near
weaning time it has a tendency to retard their growth and de-
velopment. If allowed to run too long they become "boarish"
besides the operation is more painful than it would have been
if they had been operated on younger.

Season — Hogs should not be castrated during the summer
months while flies are prevalent. Best to operate during late
fall, winter and early spring.

Preparation — No special preparation is necessary unless it be
to have the animals empty, which would lessen the danger of
injury from handling.

Restraint — In castrating large boars it is necessary to take ad-
vantage of the animal to a very decided degree. This is essential,
first, on account of the great strength of the animal compared
to its size, and, second, on account of there being no favorable
part or appendage of the hog by which a firm hand hold can be
taken. Satisfactorv restraint mav be had by several different

106

AXIMAL CaSTEATIOX

Fig. 75 — Restraint for Castration.

Fig. 76— Restraint of Large Boar for Castration.

Animal Castration

107

methods. Fig. 75 illustrates casting and tying the animal l^y bring-
ing three feet together.

To thus secure a large hog. requires considerable time and
much effort besides the services of several assistants. A favorite
method of the author for handling large boars for this operation
is graphically illustrated in Fig. 76.

It consists in placing the loop of a half or three-quarter inch
rope over the neck and behind one shoulder, after which throw
the rope over beam above and allow the assistant to draw the fore-
feet of the hog off the floor by tension on the rope. This renders
the animal absolutely helpless. By such a method the operator
with one assistant can handle the largest size hog.

Another quick method of restraint for o]3eration of this char-
acter is illustrated in Fig. 77.

Fig. 77 — Restraint for Castration.

This consists in placing a rail or bar over the neck of the hog
where it is held by weight of an assistant.

Figs, 78 and 79 illustrate two methods of holding pigs and
small shoats for operation.

Instruments —

1. Williams' castrating knife. (Fig. 2.)

2. Emasculator. (Fig. 80.) This is an instrument specially

108

Animal Castration

Fig. 78 — Holding Pij; lor CasLration.

Fig. 79 — Holding Pig tor (Jastration.

constructed for castrating swine and sheep, and is about one-half
the size of the one used in castrating stallions and colts and about
twice the size of the canine and feline instrument.

Aiiatouiij — The scrotum consists of two pouches formed by skin
sul)cutaneous connective tissue, etc. These pouches are divided
by a j'a])lie or "median line" and fit np close to the perineal re-
gion. These pouches each contain a testicle (Fig. 81) which is
decidedly shorter and more rounded than the testicle of many of
the other domestic animals. Their long axis is vertical.

disinfection of Operative Field — Same as for castration of
the bull. (See page 96.)

Operative Teelniirjiie — With sterile instruments, clean hands,

Animal Castration

109

Fig. 8U — Swine and Slieep Emasculator.

and the animal proper!}^ secured this operation is simple and an
extremely easy one to perform. The scrotum is firmly grasped
with the left Land and two bold incisions made. (H, I, Fig. 82.)

Sterilkation of Instriuneuts and Cleansing Hands of Operator
— Same as for castration of the bull. (See page 96.)

These incisions should begin well forward on the scrotum and
extend sufficiently far backward to allow the testicle to be re-
m.oved from (he scrotum without effort. The larger the incision
the better. These incisions should be parallel to each other and
to tlie "median line." They should be from one-half to one

Fie. 81— Testicle of Boar. O, Testes; P, R, Epididymus; S, T, Spermatic Cord.

110

Animal Casteatiox

Fig.. S2 — J, Hand; H, I, Incisions in Scrotum.

incli, depeiidiiig on the size of the hog, to each side of the "niediaii
line." If for any reason the first incision was not sufficiently
deep to |)enetrate the tunica vaginalis (sac covering testicle) and
completely releasing the testicle from scrotum, then with another
stroke of the knife this tunic is incised, which allows the testicle
to escape from the scrotum. The testicle is now grasped with
the left hand, by which it is advisable to apply about one to
two pounds traction on the cord, after which apply the emas-
culator (M) to cord and its coverings (L) as close to the skin
or scrotal incision as possible, being careful that the instrument
is at direct right angles to the cord, after which the cord is severed
by bringing the handles of the instrument together. (See Fig. 83.)
The opposite testicle is now removed in like manner.

After Care (Did Trcatinoit — Inmiediately after castration it is
well to turn animals to pasture — i)referably where there is run-
ning water. In any event get them away from the barn and barn-
yard and do not allow them access to stagnant and filthy "wallow
holes." Recovery is usually prompt and the mortality is small.

Sequelae— ^e\)tu-i\(']\n-d (blood poison), peritonitis, schirrous
cord, tetanus (lock jaw), hemorrhage.

Animal Castration

111

' i

i

r

f

j

^

jjg^

^«Mli

f^r

HH

'

N

M

Fig. 83 — Severing Spermatic Cord and Its Covering witli Emasculator. K, Testicle;
L, Spermatic Cord and Its Covering; M, Emasculator; N, Opposite Testicle.

castration of the cryptorchid and monorchid
("ridgling") boar.

Objects and Indications— AW "ridgiing" boars and pigs
should be castrated. The principal reasons for so doing are out-
lined under proper heading in describing castration of the boar.
(Page 105.) Furthermore, oj^eration is strongly advised since
the modus operandi itself is eas}^ and comparatively simple and
attended with so little danger if proper procedure is adhered to.

Age — At about 25 to 35 pounds weight.

Preparation — The pig must be empty. This is done by with-
holding all food for twenty-four hours previous to operating.
A plentiful amount of water may be allowed.

Warning — The pig should be free from constitutional diseases
and in good physical condition. Before operating, see that the
testicle is not located in the inguinal canal. This precaution is

112 Animal Castratiox

essential on account of the fact that if the testicle is in the canal
it cannot be withdrawn through the alxloniinal incision.

Bestvaiut — Since the operation consists in median line laparot-
omy the animal should be suspended from the ground to a post
or beam above until the site of incision is al)out o])posite the
operator's breast.

Instnuuoifs —

1. Miles' hook castrating knife. (Fig. 25.)

2. Emasculator. (Fig. 80.)

3. Hagerdorn needle (Fig. 84) carrying 20 inches of braided
silk No. 12 for abdominal sutures.

4. Richter's needle holder (Fig. 34).

5. Curved scissors (6-inch) (Fig. 35.)

Fig. 84 — Hagerdorn's Needle Xo. 3. (Actual Size.)

Position — Hanging.

Sterilization of lustriiments and Cleansing Hands of Operator
— Satisfactory recoveries largely depend upon cleanliness and it
behooves th(^ operator to take extra precautions in this particular
regard. Simply because the animal is a hog is no i-eason why it
should be carelessly operated upon. Boil the instruments for
15 to 20 minutes, after which immei'se them in clean ]>ans con-

Fig. 85— Testicle of "Ridgling" Boar. G, Testes; H, Globus Major; I, Globus Minor;
J, Body of Epididymus; K, Spermatic Cord.

Animal Castration

113

taiiiing Lvsol or Cresol Compound, U. S. P., in the strength of
one tablespoonf ul to each quart of water.

Disinfection of Operative Field — Clip hair fronx belly wall
from umbilicus to brim of pubis. Wash parts with tincture green
soap and warm water, using scrub brush, after which paint the
skin with tincture iodine.

Operative Technique — With animal hanging, instruments ster-
ilized, hands of operator and site of incision cleansed and dis-
infected, proceed as follows: Select a site either to the right
or left of the median line of abdomen two inches below brim of
pubis for the abdominal incision (A) (See Fig. 86.) Care must
be exercised in order to avoid the urethra, etc., whose course is

Fig. 86 — Abdominal Incision

in the median line. This incision should be three inches long and
penetrate all the coats of abdominal wall. The index and second
finger are now introduced into the abdominal cavitv and a search

114

AxiMAL Castration

Fig. 87 — Severing Spermatic Cord witli ]':inasculator.

made for the testicle. This organ is usually short corded and
hangs against posterior abdominal wall, directly in front of the
abdominal incision. If the spermatic cord be long then the tes-
ticle itself may be quite a distance below the abdominal incision,
in which event the cord is located and drawn through abdominal
incision and the natural consequence is that the testicle will fol-
low. The spermatic cord is now severed and its stump replaced
in the abdominal cavity. If a cryptorchid (both testicles un-
descended) both testicles should be removed through the one ab-
dominal incision. The abdominal wall should now be closed with
three interrupted sutures. These sutures should be what is known
as the ''through and through" variety— all coats of the abdominal
wall included in them.

After Care and Treatmeut — The animal should be confined for
eight or nine days in a small, clean pen; during this period the

Animal Castration

115

diet should be limited,
moving the sutures.

Nature will ordinarily take care of re-

CASTRATION OF THE '' RUPTURED '' BOAR.

Scrotal hernia ("rupture") in the boar occurs invariably and
directly as a result of dilation or enlargement of the internal
abdominal ring. The anatomical function of the internal al)dom-

Pig 88— Abdominal Wall Closed by Three Interrupted Sutures.

inal ring is to allow the spemiatic cord to pass from the abdom-
inal cavity into the inguinal canal and at the same time prohibit
the passage of any portion of the intestines from the cavity into
that canal.

116

Animal Castration

Causes — The experience of others and my oAvn obsei'vatiun
lead me to believe that scrotal hernia of the hoar is one condi-
tion which can be truthfnlly laid at the door of hereditary trans-
mission in 95 per cent of cases. They are of congenital origin.
The internal abdominal ring being open at time of birth and
nature fails to close it afterwards. In my own practice I recall
one sow in partticular which presented her owner with a bunch
of ruptured pigs twice each year. This sow gave birth to large
litters and was kept as a brood sow on that account. These litters
were usually about equally divided between boar and sow pigs.
During the three years that this sow was under my observation
each and every boar pig to which she gave birth was "ruptured."
Twice each year her owner would come — five miles distance —
with the pigs in a market wagon for operation, and strange indeed
to say he never lost a pig as a result therefrom.

t-

Xf

^^

^J

g

^^M

^

41

1

H

W

, m

^tw^^

V
^

J

fr

Fig. 89 — "Ruptured" Boar.

Objects and Indications — All "ruptured" boars should be cas-
trated for at least three reasons: (a) Stop their breed in order

"ruptured" pigs, (b) For

to lessen the birth of congenitall}

Animal Castration 117

the same reason that boars are usually castrated, viz.: in order
to increase their usefulness and value for food purposes, (c)
In order that they may peacefully connningie with other hogs with-
out exhibiting the natural and acquired sexual habits of the boar.
Most that has been written and published in regard to methods
of procedure is vague and some of it misleading. If the operator
follows the directions given by some so-called and so considered
authorities — namely, operation via scrotal incision — he will make
a haphazard job and be a monumental failure so far as his per-
manent results are concerned. Since the direct cause for the
bowel protruding into the inguinal canal and scrotum is on ac-
count of open condition of the internal abdominal ring, then how
can a scrotal operation correct the troubled Especially is this
true when we recognize the fact that by no known means can
the internal abdominal ring be reached by a scrotal incision un-
less it be by a probe and a very long and small size probe at
that. Since the internal abdominal ring must be closed in order
to correct the condition and since this ring cannot be reached via
a scrotal incision, it becomes nece^s.^'v :'f we expect success to
operate by an incision immediately over and in close proximity
to the ring. This operaton is the one which we will now illus-
trate and describe.

Age — At 25 to 35 pounds w^eight.

Season — Early spring, late fall and winter.

Pre pa ratio)! — Withhold food for twenty-four hours in order
to have alimentary tract empty.

Bestraint — Suspended by means of a rope looped above hocks
and attached to a beam above.

Position — Hanging just high enough so that the operative field
will be opposite the operator's breast.

Instruments —

1. Miles' hook castrating knife. (Fig. 25.)

2. Emasculator. (Fig. 80.)

3. Ilagerdorn No. 3 needle (Fig. 84) carrying 20 inches braid-
ed silk N'o. 12 for suturing skin incision.

4. Surgeon's full curved needle No. 5 (Fig 180 &) carrying a
sufficient amount of chromicized catgut (ten-day) to close the
internal abdominal ring.

5. Richter's needle holder. (Fig. 34.)

118

Axi:\[AL Castration

Sterilization of lustrnnients, Cleansing Operator'' s Hands and
Operative Field — Same as for castration of the "ridgling" boar.
(See page 109.)

Operative Technique — AVith the pig in position, the instrn-
ments sterilized, hands of operator and operative field cleansed
and disinfected, we proceed as follows: Locate the internal ab-
dominal ring. This can nsnally be done by pressure applied ex-
ternallv in the inguinal region. With location of the ring as

Fig. 90— View of the Scrotum After Animal Is Hung Up for Operation.

Animal Castration

119

Fig. 91 — Incision in Groin Immediately Over the Internal Abdominal Ring.

120

Axi:mal Castratiox

a land mark, make the incision thi-(>UL;li the skin and sul)entane()us
connective tissue down to the nuiscnlar coat of the a])dominal wall.
This incision should be made about three to four inches long and
its center should be directly over center of the internal abdom-
inal riuix.

Fig. 92 — View of Testicle, Spermatic Cord and Internal Abdominal Ring. B, Internal
Abdominal Ring; C, Spermatic Cord; D, Testicle.

Animal Casteation

121

Fig 93— Closing Internal Abdominal Ring with a Purse String Suture.

122

Animal Castration

Fig. 94— Operation Completed by Three Interrupted Sutures.

Usually by this time the intestines have already — by gravity —
returned to the abdominal cavity. The next step is to incise the
tmiica vaginalis near the ring, wliich exjDoses the cord. By trac-
tion on the cord the testicle can usually be withdrawn from the
scrotum, through the inguinal canal and out of the incision. The
testicle is now removed by severing its spermatic cord with emas-
culator, after Avhich drop stump of severed cord back into the

Animal Castration 123

abdominal cavity. Figs. 91 and 92 afford a comprehensive idea
of how the operation has been proceeded with up to this point.
Now by reference to Figs. 93 and 94 you will observe how it is
completed. Next we close the inguinal ring by means of a "purse-
string" suture applied in such a manner as to bring the serous
surfaces of the peritoneum in close apposition. It is important
that the suture be of absorbable material, otherwise it might do
damage in the wound.

The only thing now remaining to be done is to close the skin
incision which is easily and quickly done hy three interrupted
sutures. (See F, Fig. 94.)

Sometimes on account of small size of the external abdominal
ring it is impossible to withdraw testicle from the scrotum by ten-
sion on cord. In such cases a scrotal incision is made for pur-
pose of removing the testicle only. After which proceed to drop
cord into the abdominal cavity and close ring and skin incision
in the usual way.

After Care and Treatment — Confine the animal in clean pen
of small size for ten days ; during this period limit the feed. Na-
ture will take care of removing the sutures.

124 Animal Castration

CHAPTER IX.

CASTRATION OF THE RA:M.

OJijcrfs (1)1(1 fudirdfions — The oijeratiuii is rarely ever per-
formed u]»()ii ai^ed rams. Its greatest application is to lambs.
Castration hastens growth and development and improves the
character of the mutton and fleece. Castrated rams and laml)s are
known as "weathers" and "weathers" command a nmch higher
market ]:»rice than rams. If male sheep are to be raised to full
maturity for mutton purposes they should always be castrated as
laml)s,

Afjc— From a week to 10 days old is a x^opular and safe age at
which to castrate. However, some prefer operating later. There
is no dou])t but what the mortality rate following castration
rapidly increases with age. For that reason if for no other the
early operation is most advantageous.

Season — AA^inter and early spring. Weather conditions play
an important part in the success of the operation. Cold rains and
sudden drops in temperature should l)e avoided as nuich as ])ossi-
ble. Make an extra effort to select seasonal)le weather.

Prcjxirdfioii—JAmitcd diet for 2-1 hours before o])erating.

Iicsf rdinl and Position— A favorite method— l)otli as regards
restraint and position— is for the assistant to grasp the legs and
place the animal on its runi]) as shown in Figure 95.

Figure 9(3 illustrates a satisfactory method of eonhning large
and heavy rams for castration. i>oth fore and the right hind legs
ai-e fixed togethei* hy means of a cord (E). The assistant gi-asps
left hind leg (F) and flexes it against the ])ody. Witli right hand
(G) he controls the liead. \Vith a ram in this ])osition the scrotum
is readily accessilde.

Inslrnnicnts — 1. Williams' castrating knife. (Fig. 2.)
2. Swine and shee}) emasculator. (Fig. 80.)

Animal Castration

125

Fig. OS-

Restraint and Position for Castration. X. Y. Right and Left Hand of
Assistant; ; Z, Scrotum.

Ajiatomy—The scrotimi is decidedly poneli shaped and pos-
sesses a distinct constructed neck at its summit. Tlie skin of
scrotum is covered by short, dense wool. The testicles are similar
in shape to those of the bull and their long axis is almost vertical.
In comparison to size of animal the testicles of the ram are un-
usually large. The testicle of a 60 pound lamb will weigh as much
as the testicle of a 1400 pound horse.

SterUizatiou of Instruments and Cleansing Hands of the Ope-
r«ior— Boil instruments for 15 to 20 minutes after which immerse

126

AxiMAL Castration"

Fig. 96 — Restraint and Position for Castration of Large Rams. E, Tliree Feet

Fixed Together; F, Assistant's Left Hand; G, Assistant's

Right Hand; H, Scrotum.

fTr"

Fig. 97 — Testicle of Ram. L, Globus Major of Epididymus; M, Testes;
N, Spermatic Cord.

Animal Castration

127

them in clean vessel containing Lysol or Cresol componnd U. S. P.
in the strength of one tablespoonful to each qnart of water.

Disinfection of Operative Field — The scrotum should be
soaked by means of pledget of cotton saturated with antiseptic
solution. Cleanliness here goes far in obtaining successful re-
sults. If time is not too limited it is best to remove wool from
scrotum by clipping.

Operative Technique— There are two methods of making the
scrotal incisions.

(a) Lateral, Figure 98.

(b) End, Figure 99.

^

Fig. 98— Lateral Incision. A, Right Testicle in Scrotum; B, Scrotum; C, Knife;
D, Right Hand; E, Left Hand; F, Incision.

In making the lateral or side incision (Figure 98) the left side
of scrotum is grasped by left hand of operator and sufficient ten-

128

AxiMAL Castration

sion made — by squeezing— to render skin <»f right side tense. Witli
knife in right hand the incision is made by one sweep of the knife
through all coats of the scrotum and the testicle itself exposed.
This incision should be about 3 1-2 inches long and extend well
down to the apex. The o])posite scrotal incision is made in like
manner. With the right hand grasp the testicles and with the left
hand strip the spermatic cords of their coverings until they are

X

-J-

Fig. 99 — End Incision. H, Left Testicle in Scrotum; G, Riglit Testicle in
Scrotum; 1, Knife; J, Right Hand; K, Left Hand; L, Incision.

well isolated as high as the summit of the scrotum. With left
hand grasp testicle and make two pounds traction on the cord—
outwards— at the same time apply emasculator to cord and force
it well up near summit of scrotum. Then l)y l)ringing the handles
of the instrument together the cord and its coverings are severed.
The end incision method (Figure 99), has many advantages

Animal Castration

129

over tlie one already described and is to be preferred. Grasp apex
of scrotum in left hand and remove one third of it— from the apex
—by one sweep of the knife. The testicles surrounded by their
tunica vaginalis will now drop down below the incision. By a
knick of the knife incise the tunics and expose the testicles, after
which grasp them (of course separately) with the right hand and
make outward traction, at the same time isolate the cords by strip-
ping them of their coverings to a point near summit of scrotum.
Next with left hand grasp the testicle, at the same time producing
two pounds outward traction on the spermatic cord. With right
hand apply emasculator to cord and by forcing it well up to
summit of scrotum sever the cord and its coverings by bringing
handles of instrument together. Figure 100 illustrates manner in
which cords are severed with the emasculator.

Fig. 100 — Severing Spermatic Cords and Their Coverings with Emasculator.

After Care and Treatment— ^he most essential precaution to
be taken after rams and lambs are castrated is to place them in
sanitary surroundings, away from danger of wound contamination
by barn and barnyard manure and dirt. In favorable weather pas-

130 AxiMAL Castration

ture is the ideal ])lace. In l)ad weather a jn-eviously cleaned hall-
way or shed well bedded with fresh straw is to be desired. Sheep
are quite prone to septic infection, hence to attain successful re-
sults infection must be strictly guarded against for several days
after castration. Never operate during "fly time."

Animal Castration 131

CHAPTER X.

CASTRATION OF THE DOG.

Objects and I udi cat ions— The principal object to be attained
in castrating the dog is to deprive him of his nightly habit of "visit-
ing the society female members of the canine species in his
neighborhood and oftentimes in some other male dog's neighbor-
hood." Castration has the direct and immediate effect of inducing
a male dog to be contented with his home surroundings. The only
other reason for castration would be for the relief of certain path-
ological conditions of the scrotum, testicle, inguinal canal and
penis.

Age— Dogs can be safely castrated at almost any age. However,
the younger the better. Puppies may be easily castrated at 4
weeks old.

Season — The selection of season does not play any important
part in castration of the dog. The operation may be done at any
season.

Preparation— 1^ one.

Restraint — Always apply a tape muzzle to begin with. Small
dogs can be easily and safely held by an assistant as shown in
Figure 101. The fore and hind legs are crossed over one another
and held tightly. The index finger of each hand is crossed under
the throat and the thumbs are passed back behind the head. In
this position and held in this manner the scrotum is available and
the operation may be safely proceeded with.

Large dogs may be held by two or more assistants or they may
be secured by tying the legs together as illustrated in Figure 105.
The operator should stand out of range of the strong stream of
urine which is sure to come as soon as the knife strikes the
testicle.

Instruments — 1. Williams' castrating knife. (Figiu'e 2.)
2. Canine and feline emasculator (Figures 102 and 103.)

132

AxiMAL Castration

Fig. 101 — Restraint of Dog for Castration.

Fig. 102 — McKillip's Canine and Feline Emasculator.

Animal Castration 133

Fig. 103 — Canine and Feline Emasculator.

Anatomy— The scrotum is suspended below the anis. The
raphe or "median line" is not well marked. The skin covering
the scrotum is soft and thin and covered sparsely with short stiff
hairs.

Spermatic Cord—The spermatic cord and its covering — tunica
vaginalis— are slender in size and long.

Testicle — The testicle is oval in shape and comparatively small.
Its long axis is oblique.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator's Hands—
Boil instruments for 15 to 20 minutes, after which immerse them
in La^soI or Cresol Compound U. S. P., in the strength of one table-
spoonful to each quart of warm water. The operator's hands
should 1)6 thoroughly washed with tincture green soap and warm
water— using scrub brush— after w^hich wash them in above men-
tioned antiseptic solution.

Preparation of Operative Field— It much hair is present on
the scrotum it should be clipped off, after which wash scrotum
with antiseptic solution and paint it with tincture iodine.

Operative Technique — The modus operandi is very simple and
only requires a few seconds time in its perfomiance. With left
thumb and index finger grasp scrotum above testicles and make its
skin tense b\^ squeezing. With knife in right hand— b}^ two sweeps

134

AxiMAL Castration

/.---,. ^-//

J k

Fig. 104 — Genitals of the Dog. (Ellenberger-Leisering Atlas.) a. Acetabulum; b,
Obturator Foramen; c, Ischio — Cavernosum Porton; e, Vas Deferens; f, Bulbus Glandis;
i, Testicle; j, Tunica Vaginalis; k, Scrotum; 1, Prepuce; m, Spermatic Cord.

—the two scrotal incisions arc made exjiosinL;' both testicles. These
incisions shonld be amply lai'i>'e and extend well down to lower
portion of scrotnm in order to afford fr(H' di'aina,i>-e.

The eonclndiii,!;- stc]) is to i^ras]) testicle with left hand at the
same time makini-- slight traction on tlie cord. With ]'ii;ht hand
the emasculatoT is ])laced on the curd and forced down (dose to the
scrotal incisions. The cord is now severed by bringing handles
of instrnment together.

After Care (Oid Treat Hiriif — Alxmt all that is necessarv is exer-

Animal Castration

135

Fig. 105 — Scrotal Incisions. K, Left Hand of Assistant; L, Scrotal Incisions;
M, Legs Fixed Together with Cord; N, Muzzle.

cise and sanitary surroundings with daily observation for purpose
of detecting the appearance of the several sequelae of castration.

CASTRATION OF THE CRYPTORCHID AND MONORCHID DOG.
("RroOLING.^")

Objects and Indications—On account of the universally recog-
nized fact that cryptorchidism in animals is transmitted by
heredity, it is very important that such a dog should not be used
for stud purposes. This applies more particularly to the monor-
chid than it does to the cryi^torchid. On account of the former —

106 — Severing Spermatic Cord with Kiiuisi iilator. A, Table; B, Muzzle;
C, Legs Fixed Together with Cord: D, Left Testicle; E, Right
Testicle; F, Emasculator.

136

AXIMAL CaSTRATIOX

with one testicle descended— l)eiiig al)le to propagate his species
while the latter — both testicles inside the abdominal cavity— is
incapable of reproduction. In order to cause the breed of such
animals to cease castration should be resorted to. Aside from the
above reason for castration the operation is valuable in causing a
dog to remain contented at home.

Age— All ages, preferabty young dogs.

Season — All seasons.

Preparation— It is essential to have the alimentary tract
empty. This is accomplished by withholding food for 24 hours
previous to operating.

Fig. 107 — View of Inteinal Abdominal Organs. G, Descended Testicle; H, Rectum;

T, Urinary Bladder; J, Undescended Testicle Located in the

Sub-Lumbar Region; K, Intestines.

Animal Casteation

137

Restraint— 'Pre ferahly on operating table elevated to perpen-
dicular position or in the absence of a table the animal may be
hung up to a wall or post. In either event the tape muzzle is ap-
plied as a i3rotection against bites.

Instruments— 1. Miles' hook castrating knife. (Figure 25.)

2. Emasculator. (Figures 102 and 103.)

3. Richter's needle holder. (Figure 34.)

4. Surgeon's needle (full curved) carrying 20 inches of No. 12
braided silk for sutures.

Anatomy— A comprehensive idea of the location and relation of

Fig. 108 — Abdominal Incision.

138

AxiMAL Castration

the parts concerned in this ()i)ci'ati()n can l)e had l)y reference to
Figure 107.

Sterilization of Instruuioits and Cleansing Oper((tor\s Hands
— Boil instruments for 15 to 20 minutes, after which immerse them
in Lysol or Cresol Compound U. S. P., in the strength of one table-
spoonful to one quart of warm water. Wash hands thoroughly
with soap and wanii water, using scrub brush.

Disinfection of Operative Field — Clip or shave hair from field
of operation after which wash with soap and warm water until
parts are visibly clean. Sponge off with antiseptic solution and
paint \\\i\\ tincture iodine.

Operative Technique— li left testicle is the one undescended a

Fig. 109 — Severing Spermatic Cord with the EinasciUatoi
B, Testicle; C, Emasculator.

A, Incision:

Animal Castration

139

point is selected to the left of the median line of the abdomen and
abont midway between brim of pelvis and prepuce (See Figure
108).

The incision is made 2 1-2 inches long— through all coats of the
aJxlominal wall. Through this incision the index finger of right
hand is passed and a search made in the sub-lumbar region for the
spermatic cord. This cord is usually easy to locate. Withdraw
cord through abdominal incision and the testicle follows natur-
ally. Sever cord with the emasculator (Figure 109) and replace
its stump in abdominal cavity. All that remains to be done is to
suture up abdominal incision. This is done by two "through and
through" interrupted sutures. See Figure 110.

Fig. 110 — Incision Closed with 3 Interrupted Sutures. D, Sutures; E, Incision.

140 Animal Castration

After Care and Treatment — The dog should be placed in sani-
tary close quarters for 6 or 7 days ; during this period no exercise
must be allowed and the diet should be of a light, easily digestible
character, and limited. The two end sutures may be removed on
the third dav and the middle one on the fifth dav.

Animal Castration

141

CHAPTER XI.

CASTRATION OF THE CAT.

Objects and Indications— In order that they will remain con-
tented at home.

Age— The operation can be done safely at any age.

Season — All seasons.

Preparation— ^ame as for castration of the dog.

Restraint — Remember that a cat will scratch as well as bite and
we must take the necessary precautions to protect ourselves from
both. Two favorite methods of restraint— either of which are
satisfactory— are as follows:

(a) With all four feet tucked up against the abdomen, wrap
the animal in a towel, leaving its posterior portion exposed. See
Figure 111.

Fig. Ill — Castration with Cat Wrapped in Towel.

142

Animal Castration

(])) Place animal in an ordinary rubber boot with hind legs
thrust through the linger straps. See Figure 112.

Positron— Dovsal.
InstnimentsSame as for castration of the dog. See page
131.

Anatomif — Similar to that of the dog except on a smaller scale.

Sterilization of Listnmtents and Cleansing Operator's Hands—
Same as for castration of the dog. See page 133.

Preparation of Operative Field — Same as that for castration
of the dog, with the exception that special pains miist be taken to
see that the hair from scrotum is removed. See page 133.

Operative TecJiniqae-Saine as for castration of the dog. See
pages 133-134.

Fig. 112 — Castration with Cat in a Rubber Boot. A, Boot; B, B, Finger Straps;
C, Severing Spermatic Cord with the Emasculator.

Fig. 113— Testicle After Removal.

After Care and Treatment— Bsiiiy observation for the appear-
ance of sequelae of castration.

Animal Castration 143

CHAPTER XII.

CAPONIZING.

Definition — Caponizing is a term applied to castrating fowls.
In this country the operation is practiced almost exclusively on
male chickens (^'roosters"), and sometimes turkeys. Such fowls
when castrated are known as capons. The caj^on l3ears the same
relation to the "rooster" as the "steer" does to the bull, the "bar-
row" to the boar, etc.

History— Ji is impossible to say just how long the operation
of caponizing has been performed. It seems quite certain, how-
ever, that the practice was familiar to the Chinese more than two
thousand years ago. Later it was practiced by the Greeks and
Romans and through medieval times, by the people of middle and
southern Europe, until in recent years it has been introduced into
America. At present capons are most imiversally known and ap-
preciated in France, although within the last few years the busi-
ness of producing them has advanced rapidly in this country.
Much of the larger part of the industry is confined to that portion
of the United States east of Philadelphia, though increasing num-
bers of capons are being raised in the North Central States. Dur-
ing the winter months "capon" is regularly quoted in the markets
of the larger eastern cities. Massachusetts and New Jersey are the
great centers for the growing of capons, while Boston, New York
and Philadelphia are the great markets.

Objects and Indications — Caponizing changes a male chicken's
disposition to the extent that he no longer shows an inclination to
fight, becomes sluggish and quiet and more docile than formerly.
The true capon never crows. The comb and wattles cease growing.
His society is not sought by other chickens— either roosters or
hens— he becomes an outcast and on this account oftentimes takes
up with baby chicks even to the extent of becoming a mother to
them ; scratch and work for them by day and hover them by night.
On account of the more peaceful disposition of the capon his body
develops rapidly and he grows larger and takes on fat more readily

144

Animal Castration

tliau the urdinaiy male bird. At same time the body is developing
the texture of the flesh is improving, and it is now a well recognized
fact that the flavor and texture of the flesh of a capon is as much
improvement over that of a rooster as the meat of a steer is over
that of a bull. Hence capons are entitled to and do command a
higher market price than either roosters or hens. Capons are less
trouble to care for and to keep within prescribed bounds than
other chickens. The economic value of caponizing justifies its
more general practice.

Selection of Breeds— AIwrys select from the large breeds, viz:
Light Brahmas, Cochins, Plymouth Rocks, Langshans, A¥yan-
dotts, Orpingtons, etc.

Age — Two or three months is the best age at which to operate.
The chicken should weigh from 1 1-2 to 2 pounds. Never operate
after five months old. The mortality is low in young fowls and in-
creases with age.

^S'^rt.S'oy/ — Smnnier— June, July and August.

Fig. 114 — Restraint of the Fowl for Caponizing. A, A, Weight at Ends of Cords;
B, Cords Looped Around Legs; C, Cord Looped Around Wings.

Animal Castration

145

Restmiut— The most economical and at the same time most
satisfactory method of restraint is illustrated in Figure 114. With
a barrel or box used as an improvised operating table one cord is
looped around the wings and another around the legs. The length
of these cords will depend upon the size of box or barrel being used.
To the free end of each cord a weight— one half brick— is attached.
The fowl is now laid on table and the weights Avill produce suffi-
cient traction on cords to hold it in proper position.

Another method of restraint favored and used by some is a
specially constructed board. See Figure 115. It will be observed
that a self -locking staple is used to confine the wings, while the
legs are confined by a loop strap with a weight suspended at its
end. The holes through board makes it adjustable to all size fowls.

Fig. 115 — Canonizing Board. A, Board; C, Feet Imprisoned in Strap Loop;
B,Weight on End of Strap; E, Wings Imprisoned in Staple.

Instruments — several different styles and kinds of instruments
for performing the caponizing operation are on the American

146

Animal Castration

market. Most of them are satisfactory after the operator becomes
accustomed to handling them. The}^ consist of:

1. Knife for making abdominal incision.

2. Spreaders or retractors for separating the ribs.

3. Appliances for removing the testicle.

Some of the best of each of these are illustrated below. The
oi^erator should make his own selection. The author's preference
is the "Farmer" Miles set.

Fig. 116 — Miles' Caponizing Knife.

Fig. 117 — Miles' Spreaders.

Fig. 118 — Spring Spreader

Animal Castration

147

Fig. 119 — Wire Spring Spreader.

Fig. 120 — Miles' Forceps.

Fig. 121 — Scoop and Hook.

Fig. 122 — Clipping Knife, Scoop and Hook.

Anatomy — The testicles are situated in the abdominal cavity.
They are small, bean-shaped, soft, very friable and light colored.
Their location is on each side of the vertebral colmnn, immediately
behind the lungs and in front of the kidneys. See Figure 123.
They are opposite the last intercostal space. Above them is the
aorta and vena cava.

148

Animal Castration

Fig. 123— View of Testicles.

Preparation — 1^\\Q most essential step connected with caponiz-
ing is to have the fowls entirely empty at time of operating. This
is accomplished by Avithholding food and water for 30 hours.
Never attempt to operate upon a "full" chicken unless 3^ou are
looking foi' trouble.

Operative Technique— TJu\ess a satisfactory artificial light is
available the j^roper time of day at which to operate is between
the hours of 10 a. m. and 2 p. m., as at this time the sun is high and
in proper position to reflect its bright light into the abdominal
cavity. Good light is one of the essentials. Never attenij^t to
operate without it. With fowl properly confined and in such posi-
tion as will enal)le the sunlight to illuminate the abdominal cavity
— operate out of doors— instruments and hands of operator
clean, proceed as follows:

1. Pluck feathers from field of operation.

2. Chill parts by glass full of ice water lieing slowly poured
over skin. This chilling process has a good influence in preventing
cutaneous hemorrhage.

Animal Castration

149

3. With knife in right hand make abdominal incision by incis-
ing the muscles in last intercostal space (between last two ribs).
Since the intercostal artery passes along the posterior (back) bor-
der of the ribs, this incision should closely follow the anterior
(front) border of the last rib. The first incision includes all layers
of the abdominal wall with exception of the peritoneum.

4. Insert spreaders and spread the ribs apart sufficiently to ad-
mit scoop or forceps.

5. Knick peritoneum. This will open the abdominal cavity.

6. The testicles are now located and if both are to be removed
from one abdominal incision the lowermost one should be removed
first, otherwise the hemorrhage incident to removing the upper one
would interfere with removal of the lower. There is not serious
objection to operating from both sides, in which event the upper-
most testicle is removed first.

Fig. 124 — Diagrammatic Illustration Showing Position of Testicles and the Method of
Their Removal. A, Right Testicle; B, Left Testicle; C, Scoop Applied to Spermatic
Cord; D, Vertebral Column; E, Incision in Last Intercostal Space; F, Spreader.

150

Axi:\rAL Castration

With scoop or forceps ai)plied to the speniiatic cord— care be-
ing taken not to include the aorta or vena cava— the testicle is
removed by twisting the cord with several turns of the instrument.
Be sure and remove the entire testicle as if any portion of it is
left, the fowl will crow, and be what is known as a " slip. " " Slips ' '
are not capons and are undesirable.

7. Remove the spreaders. This allows the ribs to come together
and close the alxlominal Avound. If a mistake has been made by
severing either the aorta or vena cava the fowl will die in a very
few minutes from internal hemorrhage. Should death occur from
such source the fowl can be used for food.

Fig. 125 — lleinoving Testicle with Scoop. E, Abdominal Incision in Last Inter-
costal Space; F, Scoop Applied; G, Spreaders Applied.

On account of the almost complete immunity of the chicken
from septic infection, healing of wound usually takes place by
first intrusion and the fowl makes a quick and satisfactory re-
covery.

After Care and Treatment— JJj)on being released from the
operating table the capons are usually put in a closed yard where
they can find shelter, food and water and can be kept quiet. No
roosts are ju'ovided, as the less flying and jumping they do the
sooner will the wound heal. The capons seem to be very little

Animal Castration

151

Fig. 126 — Removing Testicle with Miles' Forceps. J, Spreaders Applied;
K, Forceps Applied; L, Abdominal Incision.

inconvenienced by tlie operation, and water and soft feed mixed
witli sweet skim milk can be given immediately. Some feeders
give this in unlimited quantity, while others feed more sparingly
for a time.

For a week or ten days the newly made capons should be care-
fully observed to see whether they become "wind puffed." This is
a condition caused by air gathering under and puffing out the skin
near the womid. When observed it can be readily relieved by
pricking the skin Avith a needle or knife and pressing out the air.

Mortality— About 1 to 2 per cent.

152 Animal Castration

PART IL
SPAYING.

Synonyms — Ovariectomy, Oophorectomy, Ovariotomy.

Definition — Spaying is a term applied to the operation of un-
sexing the female.

Animal Castration 153

CHAPTER I.

MARE SPAYING.

Objects and Indications — The principle indication for remov-
ing the ovaries from mare is to correct the disagreeable and dan-
gerous vice known as npnphomania, the symptoms of which are
as follows: Usually when such animals are touched, especially
while applying harness and saddles, they squat, switch their tails,
kick, bite, urinate, etc., while at the same time the clitoris moves
actively. This behavior of the clitoris is similar to its action dur-
ing oestrum (heat) . Some nymphomaniac mares are affected with
such behavior continuously, while in others it is periodical. The
intensity of the vice also varies in degree in different individuals.
Some are affected to the extent of actual viciousness. Such ani-
mals are a public and private nuisance, undesirable to own and
dangerous to the attendant. Usually removal of the ovaries from
this class of mares will correct the trouble. The results of the
operation are not immediate. In fact, even apparent improvement
may not be had until several weeks — possibly several months —
have elapsed. The improvement is gradual and oftentimes slow,
even after it actually begins. Spaying is always justified in mares
of this class.

Age — Spay regardless of age when operation is indicated.

Season — Spring, winter and fall.

Preparation — It is necessary for the intestinal tract — rectum
in particular — to be empty. This is usually accomplished by with-
holding feed for 30 hours pre^dous to operating. To make sure
that the rectum is empty it is well to administer an enema imme-
diately previous to operating. Douche out the vagina and wash
anis, A^ulva, tail and surrounding parts with Lysol or Cresol com-
pound U. S. P., in the strength of one tablespoonful to each quart
of water. Bandage upper one-third of tail. Chloral or cannabis
Indica administered 30 or 40 minutes before operating is helpful
in most instances.

Position — Standing.

154

Animal Castration

Restraint — If a suitable operating stock is available it should
be used. In lieu of the stocks a narrow box stall and slings are the
next best method of restraint for spaying operation. When nar-
row stall and sling are used it becomes necessaiy to confine the
hind feet in such a way that the operator is not subjected to the
danger of kicks. The simplest method which will answer the pur-
pose is illustrated in Figure 127. It consists of the nose twitch
applied and held by an assistant; also an 18-foot %-inch cottcm
rope and one hobble strap. Loop end of rope around off hind
pastern, then pass it through D of near hind, then upwards and
forwards between fore legs, over withers and under main rope
behind elbow. Another method is the Hippo Lasso. (See Figs.
135 and 136.)

Fig. 127 — Restraint for Spaying in Standing Posture.

While the last two methods described are simple and will answer
the purpose, there is at least one qiiite serious objection to them,
viz: The animal may in her struggles cast herself, or she may
voluntarily lie down, which greatly interferes with the progress

Animal Castration

155

of the operation. Whenever possible it is always advisable to for-
tify yourself against the animal lying down.

Instruments — 1. Colin 's Scalpel (Fig. 128) is decidedly the
most satisfactory knife for vaginal spaying. This knife possesses
a heavy blade with wide belly guarded by an easily manipulated
sliding shield. A knife thus constructed can be safely handled in-
side the vaginal canal.

Pig. 128— f'olin's Scalpel

2. Williams' Ratchet Spaying Ecraseur (Fig. 129). This in-
strument is so constructed that it takes up very little space in the
vaginal canal, and is sufficiently long to reach the ovaries of the

Fig. 129 — Williams' Ratchet Spaying Ecraseur.

largest mare or cow. The ratchet handle enables operator to manip-
ulate the instrument with one hand while the other hand remains
in the cavity. If an extra assistant is available for the purpose of
handling the instrument on the outside, then Dunn's spaying
ecraseur (Fig. 130) is an excellent instrument.

Fig. 130 — Dunn's Spaying Ecraseur.

3. Vaginal spaying speculum. There are two satisfactory
spaying speculums now on the market. A, Williams' Speculum
(Fig. 133); B, Paseley's Speculum (Fig. 134).

15(3

Animal Castration

A)iatviny — In order to spay mares satisfactorily it is essential
that a general idea of the anatomy of vnlva, vagina, nterus and
ovaries be possessed. Lack of space here forbids going into minnte
detail. However, the more important points will have attention.

Vulva — The vnlva is the external opening of the genital and
nrinarv tracts. It is an ovoid slit sitnated in the perineal region

Fig. 131— View of Internal Genitals. A, Rectum.; B, Vagina; C, Uterus; D, U, Cornua;
E, E, Ovaries; F, F, Broad Ligaments; G, G, Abdominal Walls.

below the anis, and consists of two lips and two commissnres. The
space between the vulva below and the anis above is the perineum.
In a depression on its floor (Fossa Navicularis) lies the clitoris.

Animal Castration

157

In Yii'giu mares the hymen separates the vulva from the vagina.
Inside, on the floor of the vulva, opens the meatus urinarius, which
is the outlet from the bladder. The mucous membrane lining in-
side of vulva is rose colored, and the skin covering it externally is
soft, thin and devoid of hair.

Vagina — The vagina is situated between the rectum and blad-
der, and is tubular in shape. It extends horizontally through the
pelvic cavity from the cervix to the vulva. Its walls are capable
of great distension. The vagina varies in length in different indi-
viduals. It is usually from 8 to 10 inches long. Superiorly it is
related to the rectum, inferiorly to the bladder, laterally to the
pelvic wall.

Uterus — The uterus (womb) is a musculo-membranous sac
situated partly in the pelvic region. It consists of a body and two

V

Fig. 132— External and Internal Genital Organs of Mare. A, Vulva; B, Vagina; C,
Cervix (neck of womb); D, D, Horns and Fallopian Tubes; E, E, Ovaries; F, Fundus.

cornua. Superiorly it is related with the rectum, which passes
between its horns while it is suspended laterally by the broad
ligaments. Inferiorly it is related with the bladder and convo-
lutions of the intestines. Its anterior extremity is known as the
fundus, and is continuous with the cornua. Its posterior extremity
is continuous with the vagina, constituting the cervix or neck of

158 Animal Castration

the womb. This cervix is round, hard and thick. In its center
is a tube like opening (Fissure). The cornua spring laterally
from the anterior extremity of the uterus and pass upwards and
forwards, and to these the suspensory ligaments are attached. At
their sunmiit the fallopian tubes enter. The uterus has three open-
ings, viz : Ostium Internum leading through the cervix, and the
Ostium Uterinum at the end of each horn.

FalJopian Tubes — These are prolongations of the uterus and
are for the purpose of conveying the ovum from the ovaries to the
uterus. They are 10 to 12 inches long and extend from the ovaries
above to the cornua below. At the upper outlet of the fallopian
tubes is the fimbriated extremity, which is funnel-shaped and re-
ceives the ovum direct from the ovary.

Ovaries — The ovaries are bean-shaped and weigh from 1 to 3
ounces. They are situated in the sublumbar region of the ab-
dominal cavity about 4 to 5 inches behind each kidney. They
hang about 2 to 3 inches to each side of center of vertebral column.
They are attached above in the sublumbar region by the anterior
part of the broad ligament. In old animals the ovaries are usually
hard and fibrous. However, cysts are by no means uncommon.
The ovarian artery supplies nutrition to the ovary.

Warn in (J — The rectum must be empty, otherwise it is liable to
injury from point of knife when thrust through vaginal roof. In
making incision be sure and j^ress the cervix downwards and for-
wards with spaying speculum. This is done in order to get site
of incision away from rectal wall.

Sterilization of Instruineiits and Cleansing Operator's Hands
— The instruments should be boiled for 15 to 20 minutes, after
which place them in Lysol of Cresol Compound U. S. P., in the
strength of one tablespoonful to each quart of water. The oper-
ator's hands should be thoroughly washed with tincture green
soap, using scrub brush, after which wash them in above men-
tioned antiseptic solution.

Operative Teelniique — 1. AVith right hand lubricated with
carbolized olive oil, carry the spaying speculum (Fi^?-s. 133 and
134) into the vagina, and insert its tip into the cervix (neck of
womb).

Animal Castration

159

2. Withdraw the hand, and with Colin 's scalpel reenter the
vagina.

Fig. 133 — Williams' Spaying Speculum, Showing Hand and Knife in Position for Makin§

the Vaginal Incision.

Fig. 134 — Paseley's Spaying Speculum, Showing Position of Hand and Knife for Making

the Vaginal Incision.

3. With left hand elevate handle of speculum and make suffi-
cient pressure downwards and forwards to stretch the roof of the
vagina.

4. With blade guarded it is pressed against the roof of the
vagina directly over the cervix.

160

Axi:\rAL Castkatiox

Fig. 135 — Mare Confined by Hippo Lasso. A, Right Hand Carrying Colin's Scalpel; B,
Left Hand Manipulating Spaying Speculum.

5. Unguard and thrust the l)ladc through the roof of the
vagina.

6. Eeguard the blade and withdraw the knife, at the same time
spaying speculum should also be withdrawn.

7. AVith left hand enter the vagina and enlarge the o])ening

Fig. 136 — Removing Ovaries. D, Right Arm; E, Spaying Ecraseur; F, Left Arm.

Animal Castration

161

by stretching with fingers until the whole hand will enter the ab-
dominal cavity.

8. Introduce ecraseur and locate and sever the ovaries from
their attachment. These are severed by placing loop of chain
above ovary, and with the operating hand the ratchet handle is

Fig. 137— Making Vaginal Incision. A, Right Arm; B, Uterus; C, Anis; D, Vulva; E,
Spaying Speculum; F, Vagina; G, Cervix; H, Urinary Bladder; I, Broad Ligament; J.
Rectum; K, Left Hand; L, Left Ovary; M, Point of Knife Thrust Through Roof of
Vagina; N, Vaginal Incision.

162

Axi:\iAL Castration

manipulated back and forth until the ovary is severed. With-
draw severed ovary from abdominal cavity and drop it in the
vagina. The opposite ovary is then severed in like maimer, after
which withdraw both ovaries and the ecraseur. The operation is
now completed. By reference to Figures 137 and 138 a compre-

Fig. 138 — Removing the Ovary with Ecraseur. A, Right Arm; B, Uterus; C, Anis;
D, Vulva; E, Ecraseur; F. Vagina; H, Urinary Bladder; J, Broad Ligament; M, Vaginal
incision; N, Right Hand; P, Rectum; S, Ovary.

Animal Castration 163

hensive idea in regard to the covered steps of the operation may
be obtained.

After Care and Treatment — Keep head haltered up for 24
hours to prevent lying down. The vaginal wound requires no
treatment. The mare is simply placed in a sanitary box stall,
where she is allowed, to remain for 10 to 12 days, after which she
should be put back to hard, steady work until the habit is for-
gotten.

Sequelae — Colic and Peritonitis.

164 Animal Castbation

CHAPTER II.

Cow, Heifer and Calf Spaying.

cow SPAYING.

Objects and Indications — Cows are spayed for two principal
reasons: 1st, to correct that disagreeable condition known as
njrmphomania ; 2d, to increase dnration of lactation period. Spay-
ing is the only rational treatment for nymphomania, and cows
thus affected should always be submitted to the operation or else
sent to the butcher. While the oj^eration has not been generally
and extensively practiced as a means of controlling lactation,
nevertheless it is a well recognized fact that spaying a milch cow
during the height of lactation will not only cause her lactation
period to last for from 2 to 3 years — uninterrupted by oestrum and
pregnancy — but the quantity and quality of the milk is increased
and improved. Milk from spayed cows contains an increased
amount of cream, caseine and sugar. It is more palatable and more
wholesome than milk from unspayed cows. When lactation final-
ly ceases a spayed cow readily takes on fat and is easily put in
shape for the butcher. The results attained wherever the opera-
tion has been practiced justifies its more general adoption.

Age — For treatment of nymphomania they are spayed regard-
less of age. For increasing duration of lactation period it is best
to operate after the udder has attained its full development and
while at height of lactation. This would mean when the second or
third calf is about 3 to 4 weeks old. Some cows are in their prime
with second calf, while others are not until the third calf. The
udder never develops and the milk flow never increases after
spaying, hence it behooves the operator not to make a mistake in
selecting the proper time to operate. Never operate during the
period of ''heat."

Season — Since the vaginal operation is the method recom-
mended the season does not play an important part. They may
be spayed with safety at any season.

Preparation — The alimentary tract, especially rectum, should

Animal Castration

165

Fig, 140 — Cow Fixed to Fence by Means of Ropes for Spaying Operation.

166 Animal Casteation

be empty. Hence it becomes necessary to withhold feed for 30
hours previous to operating. Immediately before operating the
rectum should be emptied of its contents either by "back raking"
or a coi^ious enema.

Bcstraint — The ojjeration should always be performed with
animal in the standing posture. Stocks (Fig. 139) are preferable
when they are available. However, when stocks are not at hand
the animal may be quickly fixed to wall or fence with ropes (Fig.
140) . The head is first fastened to post, after which a 30-foot rope
is looped around body and fastened to fence or wall as sho^m. In
this position the animal can be readily spayed without lying down,
etc.

Position — Standing.

Instruments — 1. Colin 's Scalpel. (Fig. 128.)

2. Williams' Ratchet Spaying Ecraseur (Fig. 129), or Dunn's
Spaying Ecraseur (Fig. 130).

3. Williams' Spaying Speculum (Fig. 133), or Paseley's
Spaying Speculum (Fig. 134).

4. Injection pump.

Anatomy — The anatomy of internal and external generative
organs of cow similate those of mare to some extent. However,
in order that the comparative may be studied, we will take up
briefly each organ separately.

Vulva — The vulva possesses two thickened labia and two sharp
commissures, the lower of which is pointed and contains a num-
ber of long, stiff hairs.

The clitoris is small and located in lower commissure of the
vulva.

Pig. 141 — Internal and External Genitals of the Cow. A, Vulva; B, Vagina; C, Uterus;
D, D, Horns; E. E, Ovaries.

Animal Castration 167

Vagina—The vagina is larger and longer than that of the mare,
varying in length from 8 to 14 inches. Its wall is thick. The
meatus urinarius opens into its floor about 5 inches from vulva.

Uterus — The uterus is short and lies almost entirely in the
abdominal cavity. Its cornua are very long and gradually taper
toward the fallopian tubes. The cervix is 4I/2 to 5I/2 inches long
and possesses a thick, tough wall. Its lumen (cervical canal) is
spiral shaped and small. The internal wall of uterus and horns
are studded with cotyledons. These are oval in shape and about
80 to 90 in number.

Fallopian Tubes — The tubes are longer than in mare. Their
junction with cornua are not so abrupt as in mare.

Ovaries — The ovaries are very small when compared to size
of animal. They are oval in shape and situated usually a little
above the middle of the lateral margin of the pelvic inlet. How-
e^^er, it is by no means uncommon to find them several inches from
this location.

Warning — Unless the rectum is empty and the cervix forced
downward and forward with spaying speculum, the rectal wall
is liable to be punctured with point of knife.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator's Hands
— Every instrument used in connection with this operation should
be sterilized by boiling 15 to 20 minutes, after which place them
in L'ysol or Cresol Compound, U. S. P., in the streng-th of 1 table-
spoonful to each quart of water. The operator's hands should be
thoroughly washed with tincture green soap, using scrub brush,
after which wash them in above specified antiseptic solution. The
operator should not be required to assist in handling the animal.
Better leave this to assistants.

Operative Technique — 1. Douche out vagina thoroughly with
antiseptic solution, using injection pump.

2. Wash upper one-third of tail, rectum and vulva with anti-
septic solution, using cotton sponges.

3. Lubricate right hand and arm with carbolized olive oil.

4. With handle of spaying speculum in left hand the right
is passed into vagina and the tip of speculum is placed in cervix.

5. Withdraw right hand, and with Colin 's scalpel reenter the

168

Animal Castration

vagina and place knife — with bladed guarded — against roof of
vagina immediately over the cervix. (See Fig. 142.)

6. With left hand raise handle of spaying speculum and make
downward and forward pressure sufficient to stretch walls of
vagina taut.

7. Unguard blade of knife and thrust it through the vaginal

i

-',j>»

Fig. 142— Making Incision Through Vaginal Roof. A, Right Arm; B, Uterus; C,
Rectum; D, Vulva; E, Spaying Speculum; F, Vagina; G, Cervix; H, Urinary Bladder;
I, Broad Ligament; J, Rectum; K, Left Hand; L, Ovary; M, Point of Knife; N, Perfora-
tion in Roof of Vagina.

Animal Castration

169

roof, including peritoneum, after which re-guard blade and drop
knife on floor of vagina.

8. With index and second finger enlarge the perforation by
stretching and tearing until the whole hand can be thrust into the
abdominal cavity. (See Fig. 143.)

9. With left hand pass ecraseur into vagina, where its chain is
grasped with right hand and carried into abdominal cavity. One

i^^^^^

Fig. 143 — Severing Ovary with Ecraseur. A, Riglit Arm; B, Uterus; E, Ecraseur; F,
Vagina; H, Urinary Bladder; J, Broad Ligament; K, Left Hand; M, Vaginal Perforation;
N, Right Hand; P, Rectum; S, Ovary.

170 Axi:mal Castration

of the ovaries is now located, the chain hx)]) ph\ced above it, and
by ratchet movement of handk' the chain loop is closed and the
ovaries' attachment severed. The opposite one is removed in like
manner, and both are brought ont when hand and ecraseur are
»vithdrawn.

After Care and Treat incut — Sanitary qnarters and limited diet
for several days constitute the necessary after care and treatment,

HEIFER SPAYING.

Objects and Indications — Heifers are spayed for the sole pur-
pose of growing them for desirable beef animals. Spaying ap-
pears to modify or alter the whole organism, especially as regards
external symmetry and muscular development. There is a de-
cided tendency to quicker growth, and spayed heifers are prone to
take on fat rapidly at most any age. Such animals can be grown
to maturity without the inconveniences of "heat" and pregnancy,
and command the same price on the market as steers. They may
be allowed to comingle with other animals in the herd — including
bulls — with the assurance that pregnancy will not occur. The
operation has been practiced extensively for years on the Western
ranches with gratifying results. It should be encouraged and
more widely practiced everywhere beef cattle are grown. As an
economic operation its value is hard to overestimate. It is in-
deed a simple and easy operation to perform, and is accompanied
by a low mortality rate. Where once introduced its many merits
will usually commend its more general practice.

Age — The most preferable age is 8 to 12 months, care being
taken to spay before the heifer becomes pregnant.

Season — Spring and fall. Spaying should be done in the spring
before flies appear, and in the fall after they disappear. Not ad-
visable to operate during fly time.

Preparation — Withhold feed for 24 hours previous to operat-
ing in order to have alimentary tract comparatively empt3^ Water
in limited amount may be allowed.

Posit ion — Stan d ing .

Restraint — Spaying stocks (Fig. 139) are ideal means of re-
straint. When stocks are not available the quickest and at the

Animal Castration

171

same time one of the best methods of restraint is to tie head to gate
post and have an assistant draw tail between slats of gate above
the animal. (See Fig. 144). The object in using crack above the
animal is to prevent lying down. A good strong assistant by trac-
tion on tail can hold animal against gate in such manner as to limit
movement from side to side and up and down. In this position the
flank region is readily available for operation.

Fig. 144 — Restraint of Heifer for Flank Operation.

Instruments — 1. Hairclippers. (Fig. 145.)

2. Curved head spaying emasculator. (Fig. 146.) This is by
far the most satisfactory instrument yet devised for flank spaying.
It is easy to handle, takes up very little space in the incision and
abdominal cavity, besides controls hemorrhage perfectly. Two
other spaying emasculators (Figs. 147 and 148) are fairly satis-
factory. Especially is Figure 147 a good one.

3. "Farmer" Miles' hook castrating knife (Fi2'. ^5), or Jami-
son's spaying knife (Fig. 149). The author prefers the Miles'
knife.

4. Suturing fork. (Fig. 150.) The object of this fork is to
hold edges of skin wound while the needle is being thrust through.

172

Animal Casteation

It is also provided with a knife for purpose of cutting suture
material.

5. Suturing needle. There are two needles suitable for pur-
pose of closing the wound: (a) Miles' palm needle (Fig. 151),
and Mooy's ring handle needle (Fig. 152). The author prefers
the Miles' needle. However, in the West many spayers use the
other style needle.

6. Curved scissors. (Fig. 35.)

7. Suture material. This may be either linen or silk. The
author prefers No. 15 braided silk.

Fig. 145 — Hair Clipper.

Fig. 146 — Curved Head Spaying Emasculator.

Animal Castration

173

Fig. 147 — Spaying Emasculator.

Fig. 148 — Spaying Emasculator.

Fig. 149 — Jamison's Spaying Knife.

Fig. 150— Suturing Fork.

174

AXIMAL CasTRATIOX

Fig. 152 — Mooy's Needle.

Anatonnj — The aiiatoiny of internal and external genital organs
are same as coav. (See page 166.) The flank region possesses a
well defined triangle, throngh the center of which the abdominal
incision is made. The tissnes penetrated by this incision are as
follows: Skin, subcutaneons connective tissue, fascia, external
and internal oblique abdominal muscles and peritoneum.

SterUization of Ivstninioits and Cleausinfj Hands of Operator
— Same as for cow spaying. (See page 167.) If the operator is
right-handed, it is best to invade the left flank. If left-handed,
the right flank should be invaded.

Operative Technique — 1. Clip hair from site of operation.

2. Wash parts with soap and warm water, using scrub brush.
Special care should be taken to remove all loose hair from the field,
and sponge off with antiseptic solution. As a further precaution
against septic infection it is well to ])aint skin with tincture iodine.
Iodine.

3. With knife in right hand, beginning 2 inches below trans-
verse process of lumbar vertebrae, a slightly diagonal incision
Sl^ inches long should be made through the skin only. The exact
site of this incision is through middle of triangle between the ex-
ternal angle of the illium and posterior border of the last rib.
(See L, Figs. 153 and F, 154.)

Animal Casteation

175

Fig. 153 — Making Sliin Incision. L, Incision; M, Knife; N, Right Hand.

Fig. 154 — Skin Incision. F, External Oblir:ue Abdominal Muscle.

176

Animal Castration

4. In the center of this skin incision the knife point should
be thrust through the abdominal wall, making a perforation large
enough to admit one finger only. The knife is now put aside, as
you have no further use for it.

5. One finger of the operating hand is thrust through the ab-
dominal wall perforation, and by stretching the wound two fingers
are admitted — index fingers of each hand. With these two fingers
tear the muscular fibers apart sufficiently to admit the whole hand.

6. With left hand inside the abdominal cavity the body of the
uterus is located, after which follow its right comua upwards
and backwards until right ovary is encountered.

7. With right hand the emasculator is now passed along the

Fig. 155 — Severing tlie Ovaries, i), Lett Arm; F^ Incision; Q, Emasculator; R, Right

Hand.

left arm through the incision, and its head placed above the ovary,
and by bringing the handles together the ovary is severed from its
attachment. (See Fig. 155.)

8. The left ovary is now located by following the right cornua

Animal Casteation

177

back to the body of uterus where the left cornua is eucountered.
By f ollowiug it upwards and backwards the left ovary is encoun-
tered and severed in like manner.

9. A¥ithdraw the hand — containing both ovaries — with instru-
ment. When this is done the fibers of the internal and external
oblique abdominal muscles come together and anatomically close
the wound with the exception of the skin incision.

10. With 3 interrupted sutures the skin incision is closed and
the operation is completed. (See Fig. 156.)

Fig. 156 — The Skin Incision Closed by Three Interrupted Sutures. N, Sutures; O, Incision,

Incision Illustrated and Explained — The exact method of in-
vading the abdominal cavity through the flank incision is of special
importance if successful spaying is to be done. Undoubtedly the
incision is the most important step of the whole operation. It is
made and closed as follows : (See Figs. 157, 158 and 159. Study
these illustrations carefully.) With knife in right hand the skin
incision G, G, (Fig. 157) is made. Thrust point of knife through

178

Animal Castration

Fig. 157 — E, Muscular Fibers of Internal obliiiue and Kxternal Oblique Slightly Divided;
F, F, External Oblique Abdominal Muscle; G, G, Lips of Skin Incision.

remaining portion of the abdominal wall (external oblique and in-
ternal oblique abdominal muscles and peritoneum) . With fingers
this perforation (A, Fig. 158) is enlarged by tearing the fibers of
the external oblique apart B, B, and at the same time those of the
internal oblique C, C are separated in the opposite direction until
the whole hand is admitted. When the hand is withdrawn the
muscular fibers anatomically come together (see Fig. 157) and
practically close the wound with exception of the skin incision.
With three interrupted sutures the skin incision is closed and the
operation completed (see Fig. 159).

This method of making flank incision far excels in every re-
spect the one which requires cutting through the abdominal mus-
cles. When these muscle fibers are cut you have a large gaping
wound which requires weeks and oftentimes months for healing.

Animal Castration

179

Fig. 158.

With fibers divided by tearing, the skin alone is sutured and the
whole wound heals rapidly.

After Care and Treatment — Place animals on pasture or in
sanitary quarters. The wounds should be observed from day to
day for stitch abscesses, etc. Should abscesses develop the suture
should be removed and the pus allowed to escape. The sutures
should be removed, when possible, about the eighth day. Often-
times the sutures are not removed, in which event they finally
slough out.

CALF SPAYING.

Objects and Indications — Calves are spayed for the same pur-
poses that heifers are spayed, viz.: the operation hastens their
growth and development, besides improves the texture and nutri-
tive properties of the meat. Spayed calves may be raised to full
maturity without the bother of either ''heat" or pregnancy. An-

180

Animal Castration

Fig. 159 — Skin Incision Closed by Tlncf Interrupted Sutures. H, H, Lips of Skin In-
cisions; I, J, K, Sutures.

other reason for calf spaying is that the mortality rate is less in
young than in older animals. There are two approved methods of
spaying calves, viz. : belly method and flank method.

Age — The favorite age for calf spaving is two to four months
old.

Season — Spring and fall.

Preparation — Same as heifer spaying.

Position — Lateral, recumbent or hanging, depending upon
whether the belly or flank is to be invaded.

Restraint — For flank operation the calf is simply stretched
full length on the ground by rope looped above hind and fore
ankles. (See Fig. 160.) For belly operation the animal is sus-
pended by cord or small size rope looped over both hocks and

Animal Castration

181

attached to a beam or hook above. The site of incision should be
about opposite breast of the operator.

Instruments— Bsime as heifer spaying. (See pages 171-173.)

Sterilisation of Instruments and Cleansing Operator's Hands
— Same as for heifer spaying. (See page 174.)

Fig. 160— Calf Cast and Tied for Spaying Operation. (Flank Method.)

Operative Teclinique — (Flank Method.) The hair is clipped
from over site of incision. Parts washed with soap and warm

Fig. 161 — Removing Ovary from Calf (flank method). K, Ovary; L, Emasculator; M,

Hand.

182

Animal Castration

water, after which sponge off with antiseptic solution. As a fur-
ther precaution against septic infection it is well to paint the skin
with tincture iodine. The incision is made similar to that em-
ployed in heifer sj^aying (pages 177-179) with the exception that in
the calf a much smaller one is used since only the index and sec-
ond finger are introduced into the abdominal cavity, whereas in
heifer spaying the whole hand is inserted. With the two fingers
inside the abdominal cavity a search is made for the uppermost

Fig. 162— Jncision (Belly Method).

fallopian tube or ovary. One or the other of these is usually
found with little difficulty by wiping downwards and backwards
towards pubic brim. When located the ovary is brought up into
the incision and its attachments severed with the emasculator.

Animal Castration

183

The opposite ovary is located and removed in like manner. (See
Fig. 161.) The skin incision is closed by two interrupted sutures.

Ope^-ative Technique (Belly Method) — With calf suspended
in hanging position the hair is clipped from site of incision and
the parts thoroughly washed and disinfected the same as for spay-
ing by the flank method. With knife in right hand begin the
incision two inches below the brim of the pubis in the median line
and extend it downwards for three inches, penetrating all the
coats of the abdominal wall. (See Fig. 162.) With index and
second finger inside the abdomen the ovaries are readily located
and brought into the incision and their attachments severed with
the emasculator. (See Fig. 163.) The incision is now closed by
three or four "through and through" sutures. (See Fig. 164.)

After Care and Treatment— Bsmae as heifers. (See page 179.)

Fig. 163 — Removing Ovary (Belly Method). C, Incision; D, Ovary; E, Emasculator.

184

Animal Castration

Fig. 164 — Incision Closed by Interrupted Sutures.

Sequelae of Cattle Spaying — Hemorrhage, septic peritonitis,
abscess, general sepsis, hernia and bloating are the most usual
sequelae.

Animal Castration 185

CHAPTER III.

SPAYING SOWS.

Objects and Indications — The one and only beneficial resnlt
of this operation is to facilitate growth, fattening, marketing and
slaughter without the handicap of early pregnancy. The economic
importance of sow spaying is well recognized by many swine
owners. Formerly the operation was more generally practiced
than it is at the present day. This may be accounted for by the
fact that what would have formerly been termed revolutionary
methods are now in vogue in the great swine-raising sections of
the Middle West and Central States in raising and marketing
hogs. This practice enables swine owners to grow, fatten and
market hogs as early as six to ten months of age, and is becom-
ing more universal each and every year. Of course under such
circumstances spaying would not be an essential operation. How-
ever, in the South and Southwest the older methods of swine-
raising still prevail to a limited degree, hence it is in this section
that the operation of spaying is still practiced to a limited extent.

Age — The operation is best performed at four months. How-
ever, it is permissible to operate any time from sixty days to ma-
turity, or even old age.

Season — Sows should not be spayed during "fly time" or in
extremely cold weather. Best to operate in the fall, early winter
and spring.

Preparation — One of the most important essentials to success
in spaying sows is to have the alimentary tract absolutely empty
before undertaking to operate. This can best be done by with-
holding the feed for from twenty-four to thirty hours previously.
During this time there is no special objection to allowing the ani-
mal free access to water. The danger of septic infection can be
greatly minimized by providing clean quarters before and after
operation. Another essential is to not allow the boar access to
the sows previous to spaying. It is not best to operate during the

186

Animal Castration

period of ''heat." Pregnancy is a counter-indication to success-
ful spaying.

Bestraint — Proper restraint technique is as much an essential
in spaying operation of sows as it is in most any operation in
animal surgery. This operation calls for the simple and easily
applied rather than the complicated and intrinsic methods often-
times employed in other operations. The method of restraint used
must of course depend upon whether the flank or the belly opera-

A

'

■M^^

^

Fig. 165— Restraint for Spaying (Belly Method.)

tion is to be performed. If the abdominal cavity is to be invaded
from below (belly) the most simple and satisfactory method of
restraint would consist in looping a strong cord (window sash
cord) or small size rope above the hocks, by which the animal can
be readilv suspended to a post or wall in the hanging posture
(Fig. 165.)

Tf the flank incision is to be resorted to then it is necessary

Animal Castration

187

for the animal to be confined in the recumbent posture at an angle
of about thirty degrees on either right or left side, depending
upon which flank is to be invaded. One of the best and most satis-
factory methods the author has ever employed is as follows : Pro-
cure a piece of three-eighths inch soft rope about six feet long.
Tie the free ends together, forming a loop as shown in Fig. 166.

166— Restraint for Spaying (Flank Method.) First Step. A, Board with End
Elevated; B, Rope Suspending the Board; C, Rope Loop;
D, Right Hand; E, Left Hand.

Next secure a 2 x 14 inch plank about 12 feet long; place one end
on the flooi" or ground as the case ma}^ be, either spike the other
end fast to the wall or suspend it by means of a rope from above.
Now make your rope loop fast to the upper end of the plank with
a screw eye or a spike (A), or it may be fastened by boring a hole
through the plank large enough to allow the rope to be drawn up
through and held secure by a large knot in its ends. This should

188

Animal Castration

be so arranged that when the hog is fastened to the plank it is
to be about waist high to the operator as shown in the following
illustrations. The plank should assume a position of about thirty
degrees. The operator standing facing the plank with his right
hand towards the lower end passes right hand (D) through the
loop (C) and instructs assistant to grasp right legs of the hog
and bring the hog to him placing it on the board. As the assistant
approaches with the hog pass your left hand under the right hand
and rope, grasping left hind leg (E), while your right hand grasps
the right hind leg (Fig. 167). Now guide the left leg to your
right hand, which grasps it. The left hand now contains both
hind feet, while the right hand grasps the loop from over left
wrist and carries it back, dropping it above ankles. As you drop
the rope back of the ankle you are to say ''pull," meaning that
your assistant is to pull the hog downward on the plank, making

Fig. 167 — Restraint for Spaying Operation (Flank Metliod.) Second Step. F, Board;
G, Rope; H, Rope Loop; I, Left Hand; J, Riglit Hand.

Animal Castration

189

Fig. 168— Restraint for Spaying Operation (Flank Method.) Tliird Step. K, Board;
L, Rope; M, Rope Loop; N, Hind Legs Fixed; O, Flank Incision.

the rope taut as shown in Fig. 168. With a little practice a sow
can be secured by this method in less than five seconds.

Instruments — 1. Curved scissors (Fig. 35) for clipping hair
from site of incision.

2. Miles' hook knife (Fig. 25).

3. Swine and sheep emasculator (Fig. 80).

4. Hagedorn's needle (half circle) No. 3 (Fig. 84).

5. Eichter's needle holder (Fig. 34).

6. Braided silk No. 12 or linen for sutures.

Anatomy — It is well to remember that the fallopian tubes and
horns of uterus in sows are extremely long in comparison to
size of animal and that their course is decidedly tortuous in the
pelvis and abdominal cavities. The importance of the above can
be more thoroughh^ comprehended and appreciated if you will
carefully observe these parts and their relation, which is plainly

190

Animal Castration

Fig. 169 — Internal Genital Organs of Sow. A, Rectum; B, Vagina; C, Bladder;

D, Uterus; B, Left Fallopian Tube or "Horn"; F, Right Fallopian

Tube or "Horn"; G, Ovary; H, Intestines; I, Kidney.

illustrated, in a diagramatic way, in Fig. 169. The body of the
uterus is unusually short when the length of its tubes are taken into
consideration. The cervix (neck of womb) does not project into
the vagina in such manner as is observed in most other domestic
and wild animals. On the other hand, the vagina and uterus of
the sow are continued into each other without any circumscribed
limit intervening between them. The "homs" float loosely in the
abdominal cavity and are found closely associated with the con-
volutions of the intestines. The broad ligaments are mesenteric
in conformation and character and are extremelv thin and lax.

i^^^

Fig.

170 — External and Internal Generative Organs of the Sow. A, Ovaries; B, Fal-
lopian Tubes; C, Uterus; D, Vagina; E, Vulva.

Animal Castration 191

The ovaries are decidedly lobulated and closely resemble grape
cluster, being suspended to tbe right and left of the vertebral
column near the median line of the body. Fig. 170 illustrates the
external as well as internal generative organs of the sow.

The abdominal wall in the flank region is quite thick and con-
tains much fat. This fat is encountered between the skin and the
external oblique abdominal muscle. More fat is encountered in
mature sows than in younger hogs. The skin is dense and tough
in consistency, while the external and internal oblique muscles and
peritoneum are comparative^ thin and delicate in conformation.
The above description applies equally as well to the belly wall at
site of spaying operation except that the wall in the latter region
is somewhat thinner.

Methods of Operating — There are two standard methods, viz. :
flank, and median line or "belly." Each have their advantages
and disadvantages ; however, taking everything into consideration
the author greatly prefers the flank method.

Operative Technique (Flank Method) — The animal should be
properly secured as illustrated in Figs. 166, 167 and 168, and
placed on the right side. Remove hair from flank by clipping
with scissors. Wash hands of operator and left flank of animal
with Lysol or Cresol Compound U. S. P. in the strength of one
tablespoonful to each quart of water. With hook knife make
oblique incision one inch to an inch and a half long, beginning
high in flank, one to two inches j)Osterior (behind) the last rib.
This incision should run downward and backward at an angle of
45 degrees (see O, Fig. 168). The incision should penetrate skin,
subcutaneous connective tissue, fat and external and interna]
oblique abdominal muscles. By this we mean all tissues down to
the peritoneum (lining of the abdominal cavity). The peritoneum
is now carefully punctured with the point of knife, after which
stretch or enlarge the incision sufficiently to admit index finger
of the left hand. With this finger inside of abdomen the left (up-
per) ovary is located b}^ passing the finger backward near fungus
of bladder and upward toward vertebral column (backbone). The
ovary can be readily distinguished from the other inter-abdominal
viscera by its peculiar feel, as it consists of hard lobules arranged
in cluster form similating small grapes. The left ovary and its

192

Animal Castration

aceor.ipaii3'iiig fallopian tubes are di-awii tliruugli the incisiun. In
yonng sows the left tube is now withdrawn from abdominal cavity
and follow^ed back to the biflication where the right tube is encoun-
tered. The right tube is withdrawn from abdominal cavity and
followed until right ovary is located, after which draw the ovary
out of abdomen through incision and place both ovaries (P) in
emasculatcu' and sever their attachments by closing handles of in-
strument. The tubes (Q) are now washed and ]'eplaced in the
abdominal cavity (see Fig. 171), after which the incision is
closed by two interrupted sutures. These sutures should 1)e made
with a No. 3 half circle Hagedorn needle and No. 12 braided silk.
They should extend through all layers of the abdominal wall, in-
cluding skin and peritoneum, or in other words, should ])e what is
known as the "through and through" sutures. (See Fig. 172.)
Sponge off wound with antiseptic solution and release the animal.

Fig. 171 — P, Ovaries; Q, Fallopian Tubes fHorns); R, Emasculator.

In sows which have given birth to one or more litters of pigs
the fallopian tubes are oftentimes so large that the left one must
be replaced in the abdomen before the right one can be withdrawn.
Tn such vent, of course, only one ovary can be removed at a time.
However, both ovaries can always be removed through the same
flank incision.

Animal Castration

193

Fig. 172— Abdominal Incision, Closed with Two Interrupted Sutures. S, T, Sutures.

Fig. 173 — Belly Incision.

194

Animal Castration

Fig. 174 — F, Ovaries; G, Fallopian Tubes or "Horns"; H, Emasculator.

Operative Technique (Median Line or ''Belly" Method)—
Sterilize instruments and wash hands same as for flank operation.
With the animal properly secured in the hanging posture (Fig.
173) the hair is removed from site of incision and parts cleansed
same as for flank method. With hook knife begin incision two to
three inches below brim of pubis and one-half inch to either right
or left of the median line. This incision should be extended down-
wards about one and one-half to two inches, and should include
all la^'Crs of the abdominal wall, down to the peritoneum.

The peritoneum is now punctured with the point of the hook
knife, after which enlarge incision to admit index finger of left

Animal Castration

195

hand. With this finger the ovaries and tubes are readily located
near the median line of the body. They are drawn through the
incision (see Fig. 174) and removed with emasculator same as
by flank method.

The tubes are now sponged off with antiseptic solution, after
which they are replaced in the abdominal cavity and the wound
closed by two or three interrupted "through and through" sutures
(see J, Fig. 175), using the same needle and the same size silk as
flank method. The animal is now released.

Fig. 175— Wound Closed (Belly Method),

196

Animal Castration

^F^^l

■■

^r ^^^^1

^1

H

^^^^1-*' ' 1^^^^^^^^^^^^

m > Ji

^^^^H

_ %f^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^M

Fig. 176 — Cystic Ovaries Weighing 4 Pounds Removed from a Sow of 170 Pounds
Weight. A, Uterus; B-B, Horns; C-C, Ovaries.

Animal Castration

197

CHAPTER IV.

EWE SPAYING.

Objects and Indications — Sheep spaying is rarely ever prac-
ticed in this country on account of the ewe being more valuable
as a breeding animal than she is for mutton purposes. Spayed
ewes will mature earlier, grow larger and take on fat faster and
more of it than will entire ewes. On this account they are some-
times spayed for fat stock show and exhibition purposes.

Age — 2V2 to 3 months is the desirable age.

Season — Late winter and early spring.

Preparation — Empty alimentaiy tract by withholding feed for
24 to 30 hours previous to operating.

Position — Hanging.

Restraint — The ewe is exceedingly docile and submits kindly to
operation. With a small rope or large cord looped above each hock
the animal is suspended from a hook or beam above. The field
of operation should be on a level with breast of operator.

Instruments — 1. Curved scissors (Fig. 35) for clipping wool
from site of incision. 2. Miles' hook knife (Fig. 25). 3. Swine
and sheep emasculator (Fig. 80). 4. Hagedorn's needle % cir-
cle , No. 3 (Fig. 84). 5. Richter's needle holder (Fig. 34). 6.
Braided silk No. 12 for suturing.

Fig. 177 — External and Internal Genital Organs of the Ewe. G, Vulva; H, Vagina;
I, Uterus; J-J, Horns; K-K, Ovaries; L-L, Broad Ligament.

198

Animal Castration

Anatomu — The conformation and anatomical relation of the
internal generative organs of the ewe are almost a facsimile du-
plicate of those of the cow except on a much smaller scale. The
abdominal wall at site of incision is very thin and exceedingly
delicate.

Fig. 178— Abdominal Incision.

Fig. 179 — Removing Ovary.
M, Incision; N, Ovary; O, Emasculator.

Animal Castration

199

Warning — On account of the thin and delicate structure of
the abdominal wall exceeding care must be exercised in suturing
the incision.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Hands of Operator
— Same as for calf spaying.

Operative Technique— With ewe in the hanging posture the

Fig. 180— Wound Sutured. E, Wound; F, Sutures.

200 Animal Castration

wool is clipped from field of operation, after which it is cleansed
by washing: with soap and water and disinfected by painting with
tincture iodine. 1. With knife in right hand begin the incision
in the median line 3 inches below the brim of pubis, and extend if
downwards for a distance of 21/4 or 3 inches. (See Fig. 178.)
This incision should penetrate all layers of the abdominal wall.

2. With index and second finger inside the abdomen the horns and
ovaries are readily located, after which withdraw each ovary in
turn and sever them from their attachments. (See Fig. 179.)

3. The abdominal incision is now closed by three interrupted
*' through and through" sutures, care being taken to see that each
coat of the abdominal wall is in direct apposition.

After Care and Treatment — The spayed animals should be
turned to pasture if weather conditions are favorable, otherwise
sanitar}^ well bedded quarters are to be provided. If sutures do
not slough out they should be removed about the eighth day.

Animal Castration 201

CHAPTER V.

BITCH SPAYING.

Objects and Indications — Bitches are submitted to spaying
operation for the purpose of preventing "heat" and pregnancy,
both of which are necessarily preceded by obscene and vulgar
behavior which is particularly objectionable to home folks as well
as neighbors. A bitch in "heat" is an ideal illustration of a
private as well as public nuisance. She is undesirable at home
and unwelcome abroad. To obviate this, spaying is the only re-
course. The spayed bitch is a more desirable animal in many
respects than the unspayed one. She remains contented at home.
She is always present and ready when called for. She is more
kind, docile and reliable than the entire bitch.

Age — In order to secure the best results it is advisable to spay
the bitch puppy before she comes in heat the first time. The pref-
erable age is 3 to 6 months. Aged bitches which have given birth
to several litters of pups previous to spaying sometimes "come in
heat" after they are spayed. Whether or not such jjhenomenon
is an acquired habit the author is unable to say.

Season — Winter, spring and fall.

Preparation — An empty alimentary tract is one of the most
important adjuncts to spaying. Food should be withheld for 36
hours previous to time of operating, and if there is the slightest
evidence of constipation a dose of castor oil should be administered
12 hours before spaying.

Methods of Operating — There are two well defined methods of
operating, viz. : Flank method and belly method. They both have
their ardent advocates. Some good surgeons prefer and advocate
the belly method while some better surgeons strongly indorse the
flank method. The author greatly prefers the belly method.

Anaesthesia — With qualified and trained assistants and hos-
pital facilities at hand the operation should be performed under

202

Animal Castration

general anaesthesia. However, when these safeguards and con-
veniences are not available it is permissible to operate without
anaesthesia.

InstriDiiciits — 1. Miles' hook knife (Fig. 25). 2. Canine and
feline emasculator (Figs. 102 and 103). 3. Wound retractor (Fig.
180 a). While the wound retractor is not absolutely essential, nev-
ertheless its a2)i)lication greatly facilitates locating the uterus and
fallopian tubes by enabling the opei'ator to view them inside the

Fig. ISO a— Wound Retractor. (Actual Size.)

Fig. 180 b— Surgeon's Full Curved Needle No. 5. (Actual Size.)

abdomen. If these parts are seen they can l)e readily gras[)od with
haemostatic forceps and withdraw, without introducing the finger
haemostatic forceps and withdrawn, without introducing the finger
(Fig. 180 h), carrying 20 inches No. 10 braided silk for sutures.
5. Uterine sound (Fig. 180 c). 6. Haemostatic forceps. 7. Kicli-
ter's needle holder (Fig. 34).

Fig. 180 c— Uterine Sound.

Animal Castration

203

Fig. 181 — External and Internal Genital Organs of Bitch. A, Vulva; B, Vagina;
C, Uterus; DD, Horns; E-E, Ovaries.

Anatomy — There is little or no doubt — on account of anatom-
ical conformation — that the bitch is the most tedious and difficult
of all domestic animals to spay unless it be one exception — the cat.
In order to make satisfactory progres to any degree whatsoever in
bitch spaying the operator must possess some familiarity with the
anatomy of the organs and parts involved.

Fig. 182— A, Broad Ligament; B, Rent in Ligament; C, Ovary; D, Fallopian Tubes;
E-E, Ligatures; F, Horn; G, Artery.

204

Axi:\iAL Castration

Vulva — The vulva has tliick labia which form a pointed infe-
rior commissure.

Vagina — The vagina is tubular in form and relatively long.
Its walls are thick, consisting principally of circular muscular
fibers. It is closely related with the rectimi above and the bladder
below.

Uterus — The body of the uterus is exceedingly short, rarely
exceeding one inch in le ngih. Its two cornua (horns) are long,
and their diameter small. They vary in length in different size
sluts from 4 to 8 inches. They lie loosely inside abdominal cavit)^
closelv associated with the intestinal convolutions. Their biflica-

Fig. 183 — View of Interior of Abdominal Cavity, Showing Internal Genital Organs and

Their Relations. A, Urinary Bladder; B, Uterus; C-C, Horns;

D, Biflications of Horns; E-E, Ovaries; F, Intestines.

Animal Castration

205

tion is V shaped, and takes place immediately under fundus of
bladder. The broad ligaments are long, especially in their middle.
(See Fig. 182.) The fallopian tubes are small in diameter and 1
to 2% inches long.

Ovaries — The ovaries are bean shaped and small in size. Their
surface is smooth. They are enclosed in a peritoneal i:)ouch (sac)
and are attached immediately posterior to the kidneys. (Fig. 183) .

Sterilizatio)i of Instruments and Cleansing Hands of Operator
— All instruments, sutures, ligatures, etc., used in connection with
the operation should be sterilized by boiling for 15 or 20 minutes,
after which immerse them in Ijysol or Cresol Compound, U. S. P.,
in the strength of one tablespoonful to each quart of water. The
hands should be thoroughly cleansed with tincture green soap and

Fig. 184— Bitch on Table. A-B, Hind Hobbles; C-D, Front Hobbles; E, Incision;
F, Tape Muzzle.

206

AxiMAL Castration

warm water, using scrub brush, after which rinse them in the
above prescribed antiseptic solution.

Preparation of Operative Field — Clip or shave hair from site
of incision. Wash with tincture green soap and warm water,
using scrub brush. Rinse with antise])tic solution, after which
paint with tincture iodine.

Restraint and Position (Belly ^lethod) — Always apply the
muzzle to begin with. If suitalile operating table is available it
should l)e utilized. What we mean by suitable table is one in which
top will elevate to the perpendicular or almost perpendicular posi-
tion. Tables made with stationary tops have no place in this oper-
ation. If a table is not used then an inexpensive as well as a
safe and satisfactory method is that designed, taught and prac-
ticed by "Farmer" Miles (see Fig. 185), as follows: A tape muz-
zle (F) is applied. With a strong cord looj^ed above hocks (B-B)
and thrown over spike or hook (A) in ])ost or wall (C) the animal

B . j^ *

i

^A i.- 7) ^v

1

mm > Jm

1

Fig. 185 — "Farmer" Miles Motiiod of Restraint for Spaying Operation.

Animal Castration

207

is suspended sufficiently higii for the site of operation to be on a
level with operator's breast. With another strong cord (D) looped
above elbows (E-E), the operator's leg (G) is placed through its
loop for the purpose of making sufficient downward traction to
limit movement of animal. In this position the intestines gravi-
tate downward against diaphram, which greatly assists in locating
and removing the ovaries.

Operative Technique — A site is selected slightly to right or left
of the median line about 2 to 3 inches below the pubic brim for the

Fig. 186 — Abdominal
Incision.

Fig 187— Removing Ovaries Fig. 188— Incision Closed with
with Emasculator. I, Bit- 3 Interrupted Sutures,

lication; J-J, Horns; K,
Ovaries; L, Emasculator.

beginning o

abdominal incision. This incision should extend
downwards for 11/2 to 2 inches, and penetrate all coats of the
abdominal wall, care being taken not to injure bladder with point
of knife. (See Fig. 186.) If prefered there is no objection to

208

Animal Castration

introducing- the wound retractors, in which event if your ])itch is
empty and the light bright — either the body of the uterus or its
horns can plainly be seen. With either tissue or haemostatic for-
ceps the horn is i)icked up and drawn out abdominal incision
where it is grasped between the index and second finger of the left
hand. With index finger of right, follow the horn and tube down-
ward to its attachment, and with a limited amount of traction on
horn the ovary is torn loose with the finger nail and brought to
the outside. AVith free end of tube and ovary in one hand the
horn is followed up to its biflication. AVhen biflication is reached
the opposite horn is grasped and opposite ovary located and re-
moved from al)domen in like manner. Both ovaries are now re-
moved from their fallopian tubes with emascvdator. The stump of
tubes and horns are replaced in abdominal cavity. Recleanse the
wound by sponging with antiseptic solution, after which close with
two or three interrupted "through and through" sutures. The
animal is now ready to release. If inexperienced it is well for the
operator to insert uterine sound or probe into the vagina, as by this
means the finding of uterus and horns is oftentimes greatly facili-
tated. AVith the experienced operator the sound is superfluous.

Restraint (Flank Method) — The usual means of restraint when
spaying by this method is the application of a tape muzzle and
fixing the right hind and both fore feet together with a strong

Fig. 189 — Bitch Spaying (Flank Method.) A, Abdominal Incision; U. Knife; C, Left Lei
D, Three Legs Fixed Together; E, Muzzle.

Animal Castration

209

cord. With one assistant at the head and another with left hind
leg, the animal is sufficiently secure for the operation.

Operative Technique — The site of incision is in triangle of
flank. This triangle is bound superiorly by transverse processes
of lumbar vertebrae. Anteriorly by posterior border of last rib
and posteriorly by external angle of illium. The direction of in-
cision should be slightly diagonal, extending downward and back-
ward. About 11/2 inches is the usual length. (See Fig. 189.) This
iiicision should penetrate all coats of the abdominal wall (skin,
subcutaneous connective tissue, fascia, external and internal
oblique abdominal muscles and peritoneum). With the index
finger introduced into the abdominal cavity the uppermost horn
is located and drawn out through incision. This horn and tube
are followed up — with one finger — until its ovary is located. The
ovary is torn loose from its attachment and brought outside the
abdominal cavity. (See Fig. 190.) By making limited traction
on this horn with one hand, and following it to the biflication Vv'ith
index finger on other hand, the opposite horn is located and drawn

Fig. 190— Bitch Spaying (Flank Method.)

outside the cavity. With finger inside the cavity the ovary is torn
fi'om its attachment and brought outside. The tubes may now be
severed with emasculator or they may be ligated with chromacized
catgut (10-day). Thoroughly cleanse by sponging with antiseptic

210

Animal Castration

Fig. 191 — Wound Closed by Interrupted Sutures. (P) Bitches after spaying should
have the wounds protected as a safeguard against infection as well as tearing out
sutures with the teeth. Two methods of wound protection are illustrated in Figs. 192
and 193.

Fig. 192 Protection of Wound After Spaying.

Animal Castration

211

Fig. 193 — Protection

Spaying.

solution everything* that is outside the abdominal cavity, after
which replace the stumps of tubes and suture up with two or three
'' through and through" sutures. (See Fig. 191.) Special care
should be exercised to see that the peritoneum is included in
sutures. Bitches after spaying should have the wounds protected
as a safeguard against infection as well as tearing out sutures with
the teeth. Two methods of wound protection are illustrated in
Figs. 192 and 193.

After Care and Treatment — The bitch should be confined in
small sanitary quarters for 6 or 7 dajs. Exercise during this pe-
riod is harmful and oftentimes dangerous. Remove sutures in
from 3 to 5 days, depending upon condition of wound.

Sequelae — The chief sequelae to be faced are septic peritonitis,
shock, internal hemorrhage, hernia and anorexia.

1. Septic Peritonitis. The cause of septic peritonitis may be
attributed to uncleanliness on part of surgeon while operating, un-
clean hands, contaminated instruments, failure to properly cleanse
and disinfect site of operation, etc. While the bitch possesses con-
siderable more immunity to septic infection than some other ani-
mals, nevertheless it behoves the operator to be on the constant

212 Animal Castration

lookout for sepsis, and to take all reasonable precautions to pre-
vent it.

2. SJiock. When the operation is unnecessarily prolonged and
considerable blood lost, shock is by no means an unusual secpielae.
Shock is not so liable to occur when general anaesthesia is em-
ployed. If shock is of such a desperate character as to require
treatment proceed as follows: Protect the body from cold by
placing patient in a warm room and blanketing. Strychnine and
nitro-glyccrine, or adrenalin chloride, may be administered hypo-
dermically. Alcohol and ammonia internally. If reaction does
not begin quite promptly resort should be had to normal saline
solution subcutaneously or intra-yeinously.

3. Internal Heniorrliage. If for any reason the emasculator
fails to properly crush the artery internal hemorrhage to a lesser
or greater degree may be reasonably expected. If at the time of
spaying the bitch is in "heat," or in event of pregnancy, the
horns and tubes are greatly congested and enlai'ged. In such
cases the emasculator should not be depended upon to control the
hemorrhage. The ligature should be resorted to. Nature will do
much to prevent internal hemorrhage. However, death from such
a cause sometimes occurs. Unless the hemorrhage is very profuse
reopening the abdomen for purpose of controlling it is of doubt-
ful value. Ordinarily, the best plan is to administer stimulants,
consisting of strychnine, nitro-giycerine, adrenalin, chloride and
saline solution, and leave the abdominal cavity alone.

4. Hernia. Careless or improper suturing and septic infection
are the causes of hernia following spaying operation. By exer-
cising extreme care in suturing the wound and fortifying against
sepsis by taking the necessary auseptic and antiseptic precautions
the occurrence of hernia will be extremely rare.

5. Anorexia. In a few instances it is extremely difficult — even
in the absence of any perceptible grave systemic distur])ance — to
induce the recently spayed bitch to eat and drink. They sometimes
actually die from starvation. Forced feeding with malted milk or
coco-emulsion cod liver oil is indicated. Drugs are of little avail.

Animal Castration 213

CHAPTER VI.

CAT SPAYING.

Objects and Indications — Cats are submitted to spaying opera-
tion for the purpose of preventing "heat" and pregnanc3% princi-
pal]}^ the latter. After spaying they remain at home better and ai-e
more desirable pets than before.

Age — The best results are attained if the cat is spayed before
she "comes in heat" the first time (prior to pubity). On account
of small size of cat — especially if an attempt is made at an early
age — the operation is extremely tedious. Best to operate at 6 to
8 months old.

Season — Winter, spring and fall.

Preparation — Withhold food for 24 to 30 hours previous to
operating in order that the alimentary tract may be empty.

Methods — Flank method and belly method. The author pre-
fers the belly method.

Anaesthesia — On account of a natural as well as an acquired
tendency to bite and scratch ferociously whenever submitted to
operation of almost any character, general anaesthesia should be
employed whenever possible.

Instrmnents — 1. Miles' hook knife (Fig. 25). 2. Canine and
feline emasculator (Figs. 102, 103). 3. Wound retractor (Fig.
.180 a). 4. Surgeon's full curved needle No. 5 (Fig. 180 h), carry-
ing 18 inches sterilized braided silk No. 10. 5. Long, slender probe.
6. Haemostatic forceps.

Anatomy — The cat is the most difficult and tedious of all do-
mestic animals to spay. The anatomical conformation and small
size of the parts and organs concerned in the operation largely
account for its extreme tediousness. As for the author's part he
would greatly prefer spaying ten heifers to one cat. In fact, he
would prefer spaying twice ten heifers to spaying one kitten. As
a general proposition the internal generative organs of the cat

214

Animal Castration

are similar in all material respects to those of the bitch except, of
course, those of cat are on a much smaller scale. Their conforma-

Fig. 194 — External and Internal Genitals of Cat.

Fig. 195 — View of Interior of Abdominal Cavity. A, Biflication; B, Rectum; C, Bladder;
D-D, Horns; E-E, Ovaries; F, Intestines.

Animal Casteation

215

tion and anatomical relation are the same in both animals. (See
Figs. 194 and 195.)

Sterilization of Intruments and Cleansing Hands of Operator
— Same as for bitch spaying. See page 205.

Preparation of Operative Field — Same as for bitch spaying.
See page 206.

Bestraint (Belly Method) — It is desirable to fix the cat securely
to operating table (Figs. 196 and 197). In event table is not
available a wide board may be used.

Operative Technique — Same as for bitch spaying.

Restraint (Flank Method)— Right hind and both fore legs are
fixed together with strong cord. I^eft hind leg and head are held
by assistant. (See Fig. 198).

Fig. 196 — Cat Fixed to Table for Spaying Operation. E, Abdominal Incision.

216

Aniimal Castration

Fig. 197 — Incision Closed with Two Interrupted Sutures.

Fig. 198 — Cat Tied and in Proper Position for Flank Spaying. A, Incision; B, Legs

I^^ixed Together.

Animal Castration

217

Fig. 199— Cat Spaying (Flank Method). E, Emasculator; D, Ovary; F, Abdominal

Incision.

Fig. 200^ — Wound Closed with Two Interrupted Sutures. F, Sutures.

Operative Technique — Same as for bitch spaying. (See pages
207-209.)

After Care and Treatment — Same as for bitch spaying. See
page 211.

Sequelae— ^ame as for bitch spaying. (See page 211.)

218 Animal Castration

CHAPTER VII.

POULAKDIZING.

The operation of poulardiziiig simply means unsexing the
female ehir-ken. In other words, spaying the ]3nllet.

Objects and Indications — The primary object in making pou-
lardes of pnllets is for the purpose of growing them to quick ma-
turity without the handicap of egg production. It is a positively
known fact that poulardes mature and develop more ra])idly than
the entire pullet or hen. The texture, flavor and nutritive proper-
ties of their meat is greatly improved. Poulardes meat bears the
same relation to that of the hen as the meat of a spayed heifer
bears to that of the old cow. The operation has been practiced on
a lai'ge scale for many years in France and Germany, and to a
limited extent in America. The results would justify its more
universal adoption. The poularde never cackles, and like the
capon becomes an outcast.

Age — Two to three months.

Season — Late spring, summer and early fall.

Preparation — AVithhold all food for at least 30 hours before
operating. It is impossible to do a satisfactory operation on a
pullet with full alimentary tract. To begin with a full abdominal
cavity x:)revents locating and examining the Qgg cluster, to say
nothing of its interference with the operation itself.

Restraint — On a box or barrel acting as an operating table the
pullet is confined for operation same as for that of caponizing.
Two pieces of strong cord are i3rocured, upon each end a loo]:> is
made. To one end a weight is attached (see A-A, Fig. 201), after
which the free end of one cord is looped above feet and the other
cord is looped around wings. The pullet is now stretched full
length — left side uppeiTnost — on table. This is a quick and inex-
pensive method of restraint and at the same time a satisfactory
one for the operation.

Animal Castration

219

Fig. 201— Restraint for Poulardeing. A-A, Weights at End of Cords; B, Leg of Fowl in
Loop; C, Wings in Loop; D, Incision.

Instruments — 1. Caponiziiig knife (Fig. 116). 2. Spreaders
(Figs, 117, 118, 119). 3. Haemostatic or tissue forceps (small
size). 4. Curved scissors (Fig. 35).

Breeds — It is not profitable to attempt to make poulardes from
the small breeds of chickens. Better select those of the larger
breeds, viz.: Indian Games, Brahmas, Cochins, Langshans, Ply-
mouth Rocks, Orpingtons, Wyandottes, etc. All make good i^ou-
lardes.

Anatomy — Some idea of the anatomy of the parts involved and
their relation is necessary before progress can be made with this
operation. Fig. 202 shows the egg cluster (E) which corresponds
to the ovary in animals, and Qgg passage (F) which corresponds
to the uterus in animals. This illustration was purposely made
from a grown hen. One object in doing so was to enable the ama-
teur operator to know the comparative between the internal geni-
tals of a hen and those of a pullet of proper age and size for oper-

220

Animal Castration

^

>- -^.S"

I ,i.

r

i''^-

i^'^ X

■'^

m

Fig. 202 — Internal Genital Organs of Hen. E, Egg Cluster; F, Egg Passage.

Fig. 203— Internal Genitals of Hen. A. Egg Cluster; B-B, Egg Passage; C, Cloaca;
D, Frimbriated Extremit.v of Fallopian Tube.

Animal Castration

221

ation. Fig. 203 shows the organs removed from the abdomiTml
cavity of hen. They consist of (A) egg chister, (B-B) egg pas-
sage, (C) cloaca, (D) frimbriated extremity of fallopian tubes.
The egg cluster lies in close proximity to the vertebral column,
slightly posterior to the lungs. From it the fallopian tubes and
egg passage proceed backward — in close relation to the vertebi'al
column, aorta and vena cava — to its outlet — cloaca. In the pullet
the egg cluster and egg passage are small. (See Fig. 204.)

Fig. 204 — Intestines Removed in Order to Show Position of Egg Cluster and Egg Passage.
G, Egg Cluster; H, Egg Passage.

In a pullet of proper age for operation the egg passage is no
larger than an average size broom straw. The egg cluster in such
a pullet is small and flat, and shows no evidence of egg formation.
Beginners are urgently advised to kill and carefully examine these
parts in a full grown hen, also a three-months-old pullet before
operating.

Warmufj — ^^In removing section from egg passage caution
should be exercised not to sever either the aorta or vena cava.
Both are large and important blood vessels, and should either of
them be seA^ered death from internal hemorrhage is almost instan-
taneous. It is important to have extra good light in order that the
abdominal cavity be illuminated sufficiently to locate the parts.
Bright sunshine is the ideal light for this opei'ation. Out-of-doors
is the place, and from 10 a. m. to 2 p. m. is the time.

222

Animal Castration

Operative Technique — With left side uppermost the feathers
are phicked from site of incision — last intercostal space. The skin
is chilled hy allowing a glass of cold water to slowly trickle over
it. This chilling process has a tendency to reduce capillary hem-
orrhage from the skin. With knife begin high between the last
two ribs and make an incision 1 to IY2 inches long, severing
through skin and both layers of intercostal muscle down to the
transparent i^eritoneum. Since the intercostal artery follows
closely the posterior (l)ack) border of the rib this incision should
be made as close to the anterior border (front) of the last rib as
possible. The spreaders are now inserted. This ojiens the wound,

Fig. 205 — Making a Poularde. E, Abdominal Incision; G, Spreaders; F, Thum Forceps.

and through the transparent menibraue (])eritoneum) covering
the intestines the egg cluster is examined, if there is evidence of
advanced egg formation it is not profitable to make a poularde.
More i:>rofitable to release her for Qgg production, in which event
the abdominal cavity is not opened. The spreaders are simply
removed and the fowl released. On the other hand, if, upon exam-
ination of the Ggg cluster — through the transparent peritoneum —
there is no evidence of Qgg formation the peritoneum is knicked
sufficient to open the abdominal cavity. Beginning close to the

Animal Castration

223

egg cluster a one-inch section of the egg passage is removed with
forceps and scissors. This stops egg formation. By reference to
Fig. 206 an idea may be had of the exact location of the egg pas-
sage and the part of it to be removed in operating. The spreader
is now removed. This allows the ribs to come together, which
automatically closes the incision.

L

My

J

^ . " "1

Fii

20G — Removing Section from Egg Passage. I-J, Foi'ceps; K, Egg Passage; L, Tlie
Section of Egg Passage Between Forceps is to be Removed; M, Egg Cluster.

After Care and Treatment — Upon being released from the
operating table poulardes are usually put in a closed yard where
they can find shelter, food and water, and can be kept quiet. No
roosts are provided, as the less flying and jumping they do the
sooner will the wound heal. The poulardes seem to be very little
inconvenienced by the operation, and water and soft feed mixed
with sweet skim milk can be given immediately. Some feeders
give this in unlimited quantity, while others feed more sparingly
for a time.

For a week or ten days the newly made poulardes should be
carefully observed to see whether they become "wind-puffed."
This is a condition caused by air gathering under and puffing out
the skin near the wound. When observed it can be readily relieved
by pricking the skin with a needle or knife and pressing out the air.

224 AxiMAL Castration

CHAPTER VIII.

DEODORIZING THE SKUNK.

AVliile removing the scent from a skunk has not the remotest
relation — either directly or indirectly — with animal castration,
nevertheless, on account of its novelty and the dearth of reliable
literature with reference to the subject the author considers it of
sufficient interest and importance for brief mention in the conclud-
ing pages of this volume.

Objects and liuUcatioiis — It should be rem('m])ered that the
skunk has no effective means of protection or defense aside from
the scent fluid which it possesses and uses without stint when it
becomes necessary. Ordinarily, the fluid discharged by the skunk
is amply sufficient to ward off most any character of attack and
protect the animal from danger. The scent fluid is only discharged
when the animal is alarmed or frightened, and contrary to the
prevailing popular opinion, is not urine, and has no connection
with the urinary apparatus. Skunks are deodorized for the pur-
pose of converting them into desirable household pets. Such ani-
mals never scratch and rarely ever bite. They are absolutely
harmless.

Afjc — They should be operated upon at an early age (15 to 30
days old), as the mortality rate following operation in the mature
skunk is very high.

Season — Whenever you can succeed in catching them. This is
one animal at least you must catch before you can operate.

Preparation — If jjossible the young animals (kittens) should
be kept and fondled for several days before they are submitted
to operation. They should become accustomed to being handled.
By thus preparing them they may be handled through the prepara-
tory stages of the operation without voiding the scent fluid.

Restraint — The operation must be done undei- a glass in order
to protect operator and assistants. A large pane of window glass

Animal Castration 225

should be supported at each end and raised about 10 inches from
the floor. Two assistants are necessaiy. Rubber gloves should be
worn by the operator and both assistants. The animal is carefully
placed under the glass, after which one assistant should grasp the
head and fore feet and the other assistant grasp hind feet, and hold
the posterior parts in such position as to cause the discharged scent
fluid to be deposited against under side of glass. Most of the fluid
will at this time be discharged quite promptly. Very little will be
kept in reserve. In fact, the operation could be proceeded with
to completion without the glass.

Instruments — 1. Scalpel. 2. "Rat tooth "haemostatic forceps.
3. Curved scissors (Fig. 35).

Anatomy — The anis is a large irregular elliptical depression
surrounded by loose flabby skin which bulges over site of anal
(scent) glands. These glands are two in number located on each
side (laterally) of the anis. There is about one-half inch space
l)etween the anis and center of the aual glands.

Kig. 207 — Diagramatic Illustraticn Showing Scent Secreting and Expelling Apparatus.

A, Anis; B-B, Jet or Nipp.e-like Openings of Anal Ducts; C-C, Ducts;

D-D, Anal Glands; E-E, Sacs or Reservoirs.

The scent secreting apparatus is large, and consists of nume]--
ous small glands — closely associated — surrounding a sac or reser-
voir for storing up the fluid. They are covered by skin, subcuta-
neous connective tissue, and two thin layers of muscular fiber, viz. :
Iscio cavernous and bulbo-cavernous muscles. The glandular
organ is surrounded by a well defined envelope. Each gland is
supplied with an excretory duct. These ducts project through the
lateral walls of rectum immediately anterior to anis. Their open-
ings are nipple or jet-like for the purpose of governing direction
of the stream. Whenever the skunk considers itself in danger its
behavior is as follows : 1. Turns posterior parts toward the object
of attack. 2. Elevates tail. 3, Inverts rectum which exposes

226

Animal Castration

nipple-like openings of the dncts. 4. By volnntarv muscular con-
traction the sac or scent reservoir is compressed and the scent fluid
expelled. This fluid may be thrown for a distance of 12 to 15 feet,
and the direction of the stream is under thorough control of the
skunk. Of course, the amount of fluid is quite limited, but it is
usually sufficient to suffice. The character of the fluid is dirty
brown and feted, and is slightly phosphorescent at night.

Fig. 20S — View of Posterior Aspect of Skunk. A, Anis; B-B, Anal Glands.

Stenlization of linitnuncnts and Cleansing Operator's Hands
— The instruments should be sterilized by boiling 15 to 20 minutes,
after which immerse them in Lysol or Cresol Compound, U. S. P.,
in the strength of one tablespoonful to each quart of water. Wash
hands with tincture green soap, using scrub brush, after which
rinse them with the above mentioned antiseptic solution.

Preparation of Operative Field — Don't forget that the skunk
is now supposed to be under the glass. Clip hair from around the
rectum for a distance — in each direction — of at least one inch.
Wash parts with antiseptic solution and paint skin over site of
incisions with tincture iodine.

Animal Castration

227

Fig. 209 — View Sliowing Incisions Over Site of Anal Glands. A, Rectum; B-B, Incision.

Warning — In making incisions and dissecting out anal glands
exercise extreme care in order to avoid injury to either rectal or
anal walls, or to the genito-urinary passages.

Operative Teclinique — Locate the glands — on each side of rec-
tum — by palpitation. A perpendicular incision one inch long is
made directly over center of most prominent part of each gland,
a])out one-half inch from rectum (see Fig. 209). These incisions
should penetrate skin and subcutaneous connective tissue only.
With rat tooth haemostatic forceps or small size vulsellum forceps
the glandular organ is grasped, and with limited traction applied
by forceps the parts are isolated by careful dissection, after which
sever the duct close to rectal wall and the operation is completed.
The incision should be left open to heal by granulation.

After Care and Treatment — About all that is necessary is to
place the animal in warm sanitary quarters. The wounds will heal
and complete recovery take place by the tenth day.

INDEX.

INDEX

Page

Abscess 74

AzoTURiA 77-78

Bitch Spaying 201-212

Objects and Indications 201

Age 201

Season 201

Preparation 201

Methods of Operating 201

Anaesthesia 201-202

Instruments 202

Anatomy 203-205

Restraint (Belly Method) 206-207

Operative Technique (Belly Method) . .207-208

Restraint (Flank Method) 208-209

Operative Technique (Flank Method) . .209-211

Alfter Care and Treatment 211

Sequelae 211-212

Boar — Castration of the 105-110

Objects and Indications 105

Age 105

Season 105

Preparation 105

Restraint 105-107

Instruments 107-108

Operative Technique 108-110

After Care and Treatment 110

Sequelae 110

Boar— Castration of the Monorchid and Crypt-
orchid 111-115

Objects and Indications Ill

Age Ill

Preparation Ill

Warning 111-112

Restraint 112

Instruments 112

Operative Technique 113-114

After Care and Treatment 114-115

INDEX— Continued.

Page

Boar— Castration of the RuPTUREn 115-123

Objects and Indications 116-117

Aji-o 117

Season 117

Preparation 117

Restraint 117

Instruments 117

Operative Technique 118-123

After Care and Treatment 123

Bull Castration 92-101

Objects and Indications 92

Age 92

Season 92

Preparation 92

Anatomy 94-95

After Care and Treatment 99

Bull— Castration in Recu:\ibent Posture .... 92-99

Restraint for 92-9-t

Operative Technique 96-99

Bull— Castration in the Standing Posture . .100-101

Caponizing 143-151

Definition 143

History 143

Objects and Indications 143-144

Selection of Breeds 144

Age 144

Season 144

Restraint 145

Instruments 145-147

Anatomy 147

Preparation 148

Operative Technique 148-150

After Care and Treatment 150-151

Moi-talitv 151

Calf Spaying . ." 179-184

Objects and Indications 179-180

Age 180

Season 180

Preparati(ai 170

Restraint 180-181

Instruments 181

Operative Technique (Flank Method) . .181-183
Operative Technique (Belly Method) . . 183
Secjuelae 184

INDEX— Continued.

Page

Casting— Injuries From 76

Castration— Definition of 13

History of 13

Aincient Methods of 13

Modern Methods of 13

Castration of the Boar 105-110

Objects and Indications 105

Age 105

Season 105

Preparation 105

Restraint 105-107

Instruments 107-108

Operative Technique 108-110

After Care and Treatment 110

Sequelae 110

Castration of the Cryptorchid and Monorchid

Boar 111-115

Objects and Indications Ill

Age Ill

Preparation Ill

Warning 111-112

Eestraint 112

Instruments 112

0])erative Technique 113-114

After Care and Treatment 114-115

Castration of the Ruptured Boar 115-123

Objects and Indications 116-117

Age 117

Season 117

Preparation 117

Restraint 117

Instruments 117

Operative Technique 118-123

After Care and Treatment 123

Castration of the Bull 92-101

Objects and Indications 92

Age 92

Season 92

Preparation 92

Anatomv 94-95

After Care and Treatment 99

Castration of the Bull in Recumbent Posture 92-99

Restraint for 92-94

Operative Technique 96-99

INDEX— Continued.

Page

Oastratiox of the Bull ix Staxdixg Posture . .100-101

Oastratiox of the Cryptorchid axd Moxorchid

Bull 101-104

Objects and Indications 92

Age 101

Preparation 101

Eestraint 101

Instrnments 101

Operative Technique 102-104

After Care and Treatment 104

Castratiox of the Cat 141-142

0])jects and Indications 141

Age 141

Season 141

Preparation 141

Eestraint 141-142

Instrmnents 131

Anatomy 142

Operative Technique 138-134

After Care and Treatment 142

Castratiox of the Colt 36-42

Objects and Indications 14

Age 36

Season 36

Preparation 14

Anatomy 19-22

Complications in 47-73

Eestraint for 36-39

Instruments for 39

Warning 23-24

0]:>erative Technique 40-42

After Care and Treatment 28

Sequelae 74-91

Prognosis 28

Castratiox of the Dog 131-135

Objects and Indications 131

Age 131

Season 131

Preparation 131

Eestraint 131

Instruments 131

Anatomy 133

Operative Technique 33-134

After Care and Treatment 134-135

INDEX— Continued.

Page

Castration of the Crittorchid and Monorchid

Dog 135-140

Objects and Indications 135-136

Age 136

Season 136

Preparation 136

Restraint 137

Instrmnents 137

Anatomy 137-138

Operative Technique 138-139

After Care and Treatment 140

Castration of the Her:m aphrodite 71-73

Definition 71

Objects and Indications 71

Age 1-i

Season 72

Preparation 14

Restraint 54-57

Anatomy 72

Instruments 57-59

Operative Technique 73

After Care and Treatment 69-70

Castration of the Mitle 43-46

Objects and Indications 43

Age 43

Season 43

Preparation 14

Restraint for 36-39

Instruments for 39

Warning 23-24

Operative Technique 43-46

After Care and Treatment 28

Sequelae - ^^4-91

Castration of the Ram 124-130

Objects and Indications 124

Age 124

Season 124

Preparation 124

Restraint 124

Instruments 124

Anatomy 125

Operative Technique 127-129

After Care and Treatment 129

INDEK— Continued.

Page

Castratiox of the Stalliox 14-35

Objects and Indications 14

Age 14

Season 14

Preparation 14

Anatomy 19-22

Complications in 47-73

After Care and Treatment 28

Seqnelae 74-91

Prognosis 28

Castratiox of Stalliox ix REcr:MBEXT Posture 14-28

Restraint for 14-16

Instrnments for 16-19

Warning 23-24

Operative Techniqne 25-27

Castratiox of Stalliox ix Staxdixg Posture. . 29-35

Restraint for 29

Instruments for 29

Warning 30

Operative Technique 31-34

Advantages 34

Disadvantages 34

Castratiox of the Cryptorchid axd Moxorchid

Stalliox 51-70

Definition 51

Classification 51-53

Objects and Indications 53

Diagnosis 53

Age 54

Season 54

Preparation 54

Restraint 54-57

Instrinnents 57-59

Anatomy 19-22

AYarning 59

Cleansing and Disinfecting Field of Op-
eration 59

Operative Technique 60-66

After Care and Treatment 69-70

Sequelae 70

Cat — Castratiox of the 141-142

Objects and Indications 141

Age 141

INDEX— Continued.

Page

Season 141

Preparation 141

Eestraint 141-142

Instruments 131

Anatomy 142

Operative Technique 133-134

After Care and Treatment 142

Cat Spaying 213-217

Objects and Indications 213

Age 213

Season 213

Preparation 213

Methods 213

Anaesthesia 213

Instruments 213

Anatomy 213-215

Restraint (Belly Method) 215

Operative Technique (Bellv Method) . .207-209

Restraint (Flank Method) 215-217

Operative Technique (Flanli Method) . .209-211

Sequelae 211-212

Colt — Castration of the 36-42

Objects and Indications 14

Age 36

Season 36

Preparation 14

Anatomy 19-22

Complications in 47-73

Restraint for 36-39

Instruments for 39

Warning 23-24

Operative Technique 40-42

After Care and Treatment 28

Sequelae 74-91

Prognosis 28

Colic ^"^

Cord— ScHiEROus 82-86

Cow Spaying 164-170

Objects and Indications 164

Age 164

Season 164

Preparation 164-166

Restraint 166

Instrimients 166

INDEX— Continued.

Page

Anatomy 166-167

Warning 167

Operative Technique 167-170

After Care and Treatment 170

Deodorizixg the Skixk 224-227

Objects and Indications 224

Age 224

Season 224

Preparation 224

Restraint 224-225

Instruments 225

Anatomy 225-226

AYarning 227

Ojjerative Technique 227

After Care and Treatment 227

Dog— Castratiox of the 131-135

Objects and Indications 131

Age 131

Season 131

Preparation 131

Restraint" 131

Instruments 131

Anatomy 133

Operative Technique 133-134

After Care and Treatment 134-135

Dog— Ceyptoechid axd Moxorchid, Castration

OF 135-140

Objects and Indications 135-136

Age 136

Season 136

Preparation 136

Restraint 137

Instruments 137

Anatomv 137-138

Operative Technique 138-139

After Care and Treatment 140

E\YE SrAYixG 197-200

Objects and Indications 197

Age 197

Season 197

Preparation 197

Restraint 197

Instruments 197

Anatomv 198

INDEX- Continued.

Page

Warning 199

Operative Technique 199-200

After Care and Treatment 200

Exuberant Granulations 86-87

Granulations— Exuberant 86-87

Heifer Spaying 170-179

Objects and Indications 170

Age 170

Season 170

Preparation 170

Eestraint 170-171

Instruments 171-173

Operative Technique 174-179

Hemorrhage— Nature's Methods of Controll-
ing 22-23

Primary 78-79

Secondary 79

Hernia — Inguinal 47-51

Scrotal 47-51

Hydrocele 87-91

Hermaphrodite— Castration of the ' 71-73

Definition 71

Objects and Indications 71

Age 14

Season 72

Preparation 14

Restraint 54-57

Anatomy 72

Instruments 57-59

Operative Technique 73

After Care and Treatment 69-70

Infection — Septic 74

Inguinal Hernia 47-51

Injuries from Casting 76

Intestine— Prolapse of the 76

Mare Spaying 153-163

Objects and Indications 153

Age 153

Season 153

Preparation 153

Restraint 154-155

Instruments 155

Anatomy 156-158

Warning 158

INDEX— Continued.

Page

Operative Technique 158-163

After Care and Treatment 163

Sequelae 163

Mule— Castration of the 43-46

Objects and Indications 43

Age 43

Season 43

Preparation 14

Eestraint for 36-39

Instruments for 39

Warning 23-24

Operative Technique 43-46

After Care and Treatment 29

Sequelae 74-91

Nature's Methods of Controlling Hemorrhage 22-23

Oedema of Sheath and Ventral Surface of

Abdomen 79-81

Omentum— Prolapse of the 75-76

Orchitis 71

Paraphimosis 81-82

Peritonitis 77

POULARDIZING 218-223

Objects and Indications 218

Age 218

Season 218

Preparation 218

Restraint 218-219

Instruments 219

Breeds 219

Anatomy 219-221

Warning 221

Operative Technique 222-223

After Care and Treatment 223

Primary Hemorrhage 78-79

Prolapse of Intestine 76

Prolapse of Omentum 75-76

INDEX— Continued.

Page

Eam— Castration of the 124-130

Objects and Indications 124

Age 124

Season 124

Preparation 124

Restraint 124

Instruments 124

Anatomy 125

Operative Technique 127-129

After Care and Treatment 129

IvUPTFRED Boar — Castration of 115-123

ScHiRRous Cord 82-86

Scrotal Hernia (Boar) 115-123

(Stallion) 47-51

Secondary Hemorrhage 79

Septic Infection 74

Sequelae of Castration 74-91

Sheath— Oedema of the 79-81

Skunk— Deodorizing the 224-227

Objects and Indications 224

Age 224

Season 224

Preparation 224

Restraint 224-225

Instruments 225

Anatomy 225-226

Warning 227

Operative Technique 227

After Care and Treatment 227

Spaying the B:tch 201-212

Objects and Indications 201

Age 201

Season 201

Preparation 201

Methods of Operating 201

Anaesthesia ^ 201-202

Instruments 202

Anatomy 203-205

Restraint (Belly Method) 206-207

Operative Technique (Belly Method) . .207-208

Restraint (Flank Method) 208-209

Operative Technique (Flank Method). .209-211

After Care and Treatment 211

Sequelae 211-212

16

INDEX— Continued.

Page

SrAYiXG THE Calf 179-180

Objects and Tiidicatioiis 179-180

Age 180

Season 180

Preparation 170

Restraint 180-181

Instrnments 181

Operative Teehnicpie (Flank Method). .181-1815
Operative Technitiue (Belly ^Method).. 18:]
Sequelae 1 84

Spayixg the Cat 218-217

Objects and Indications 218

Age 218

Season 218

P]'e]jaration 213

Methods 218

Anaesthesia 213

Instnnnents 213

Anatomv 213-210

Restraint (Bellv Method) 215

Operative Technique (Bellv IVIetliod) . .2'J7-20H

Restraint (P^lank Method) " 215-217

Operative Techni(|ne (Flank Metli<Hl) . .209-211
Sequelae 211-212

Spayixg the Cow 164-170

Objects and Indications 164

Age 164

Season 164

Preparation 161-16()

Restraint 166

Instruments 166

Anatomy 166-167

Warning 167

Operative 'I\'chiii(ine 167-170

After Care and Tiratnient 170

Si'AYJXG the Eave 197-200

Objects and Indications 197

Age 197

Season 197

Preparation 197

Restraint 197

Instruments 197

INDEX— Continued.

Page

Anatomy 198

Warning 199

Operative Technique 199-200

After Care and Treatment 200

Spaying the Heifer 170-179

Objects and Indications 170

Age 170

Season , 170

Preparation 170

Restraint 170-171

Instruments . . 171-173

Operative Technique 174-179

Spaying the Mare 153-163

Objects and Indications 153

Age 153

Season 153

Preparation 153

Restraint 154-155

Instruments 155

Anatomy 156-158

Warning 158

Operative Technique 158-163

After Care and Treatment 163

Sequelae 163

Spaying Sows 185-195

Objects and Indications 185

Age 185

Season 185

Preparation 185

Restraint 186-189

Instruments 189

Anatomv 189-191

Operative Technique (Flank Method) .. 191-193
Operative Technique (Belly Method) .. 194-195

Stallion— Castration of the 14-35

Objects and Indications 14

Age 14

Season 14

Preparation 14

Anatomy 19-22

Comi^lications in 47-73

After Care and Treatment 28

INDEX -Con fin u^if

Page

Sequelae 74-91

Prognosis 28

Stalliox — Castration of in Recumbent Posture 14-28

Restraint for 14-16

Instruments for 16-19

Warning 23-24

Operative Technique 25-27

Stallion — Castration of in Standing Posture. 29-35

Restraint for 29

Instruments for 29

Warning 30

Operative Technique 31-34

Advantages 34

Disadvantages 34

Tetanus 74-75

''Water Bag"— See Hydrocele.

Restraint of Domestic Animals

(2nd Edition)

A BOOK FOR STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS

With 312 illustrations from drawings by one of the best pen artists in the
United States, and 26 halftones from original photographs

BY

GEORGE R. WHITE, M.D, D.Y.S.

NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE

This book contains over 300 pages and illustratew and fully describes every known

means of Restraint of the Horse, Ox, Dog and Hog. It is by far

the best illustrated book ever written in America

on any branch of Veterinary Science.

*< Restraint of Domestic Ariitnals" has alreadj- been adopted as a Text Book

in 18 of the 21 Veterinary Colleges of America.

Its sale has been phenomenal.

Every practitioner should secure one for study and reference.

Published and for sale by the author; also sold by all veterinary booksellers.

^ PRICE, $3.75 POSTPAID, TO ANY ADDRESS ^

A FEW EXPRESSIONS FEOM THE PROFESSION

DR. JOHN G. RUTHERFORD, President American Veterinary JVIedica! Association.

"Your handsome and comprehensive book on 'Restraint of Domestic Animals' received,
and I am convinced that it is a most valuable book. The illustrations are exceedingly
well done and the letterpress is very clear and fully explains the methods of using the
various appliances. You are to be congratulated upon striking an entirely new line in
veterinary authorship."

PROP. J. MACQUEEN, Royal Veterinary College, London, England.

"I have looked through the book on 'Restraint.' It seems to be a very useful work.
In this country there is a growing tendency to operate under general anaesthesia. To
those who experience difficulty in casting and fixing their patients for operation your
book should be very welcome."

PROF. W. L. WILLIAMS, Professor Surgery, New York State Veterinary College, Cornell
University.

"I have heartily recommended your excellent book to our students."

PROF. LOUIS A. MERILLAT, Professor Surgery, Chicago Veterinary College.

"I have looked over the book carefully and beg to express my appreciation of
\ our successful effort. The book is needed tjy the teacher, by the student, and I'ly the
practitioner, and it will undoubtedly tend to standardize methods of restraint — a reforma-
tion that is very desirable in veterinary surgery. I have already adopted it as a text-
book and predict that it will be as favorably received wherever the importance of good
surgical Restraint is comprehended."

PROF. HARRY D. GILL, Professor Surgery New York American Veterinary College.

"1 desire to compliment you on its comprehensiveness, and to assure you that it fills
the widest gap in veterinary literature existing today. It is an indispensable reference
liot only for teachers, but practitioners and students as well.

"To thoroughly appreciate your work the reader should have witnessed your demon-
strations along this line as I have, and I cannot understand why you have not long
since been employed by the various colleges to teach this most important subject."

PROF. D. E. SALMON, University of Montevideo, Uruguay.

"I desire to congratulate you upon the completion of a book which has certainly
required nmch time and labor in its preparation. It will be a useful handbook for both
ihe student and practitioner of veterinary surgery."

WILFRED S. PLASKETT, D.V.S., Clinton, Mass.

"It is a capital book, and will be appreciated alike by the student and practitioner.
The text is graphic and the illustrations are the 'best ever.' One can see the modus
operandi from a glance at the cuts. I trust the book will be received by the profession
and that the second edition will be shortly forthcoming. The book is neatly gotten out
and is a credit to the publishing house and the printer.

"You have filled a long felt want. I think I was one of the first to suggest that you
undertake the work, consequently will watch its merited reception by the profession
with ?. selfish interest."

PROF. E. A. A. GRANGE, V.S., M.S., Principal Ontario Veterinary College.

"I think you have approached a subject which has hitherto l)een almost neglected,
and you have done it in a manner that is both terse and comprehensive, and nicely illus-
trated.

"I think your volume will be a boon to young men who are just entering the practice
of the veterinary profession, and no doubt to many who have been in practice for a long
Lime.

"I have added it to our list of text-books."

PROF. SESCO STEWART, M.D., D.V.M., Dean Kansas City Veterinary College.

"We have adopted 'Restraint of Domestic Animals' as a text-book, feeling that it
affords students very valuable instruction and guidance not readily obtainable elsewhere.
I feel that the profession is greatly indebted to you for placing this matter in their hands
in such, an excellent form."

PROF. DAVID S. WHITE, Dean Veterinary Department Ohio State University.

"This is to inform you that we recommend the hook to our students and they
are supplying themselves with them. Let me congratulate you upon adding so valuable
a work to our literature and at the same time in a very i)ractical way offering a kind
ef information to veterinary students muc-h neglected at most veterinary colleges."

PROF. LOUIS P. COOK, D.V.S., Dean Cincinnati Veterinary College.

"The work has been adopted as a text^book at this college, and we regret that it was
not issued earlier. It fills a long felt need. Had it been issued before our session of
ly08-09 was so nearly over we would have required senior and junior students to ol)tain
copies. I regard the work as one of merit and value to students and practitioners, and I
trust you will be repaid for the trouble you have evidently gone to to get the work
together. Congratulating you on your success as an author and with best wishes."

PROF. GEORGE H. GLOVER, Veterinary Department Colorado State College of Agri-
cuKure.

"We are now using your text-book, 'Restraint of Domestic Animals,'" and find it satis-
factory in every respect. It fills a long felt want and does you great credit."

PROF. CHARLES KEANE, D.V.S., President San Francisco Veterinary College.

"We consider this work a much needed book and will adopt same as text-book at
this institution."

PROF. C. A. CARY, B.S., D.V.IVl., Veterinary Department Alabama Polyteclinic institute.

"It impresses me very favorably. Indeed, I think it supplies a vacant place in our
literature. It will be used as a text-book in this school."

PROF. W. J. R. FOWLER, V.S., Professor Surgery Ontario Veterinary College.

"I find it to be a book which has long been needed. It is a complete work and will
give a student or practitioner a thorough idea of the subject of restraint."

PROF. C. E. STEEL, D.V.S., Dean St. Joseph Veterinary College.

"Your book, entitled 'Restraint of Domestic Animals,' has my hearty endorsement. 1
think it supplies a long felt want in veterinary literature."

PROF. D. E. BUCKINGHAM, Dean Department of Veterinary Medicine, George Washing,
ton University.

"I am constrained to say that a master of the art has described all the methods of
restraint, and the book is a masterpiece. I have adopted it as a text-book in this school."

PROF. F. S. SCHOENLEBER, D.V.S., Veterinary Department Kansas Agricultural College.

"I can see that it fills a gap in our work and will prove a very valuable acquisition
to the college course of study. 1 wish you the full measure of success that the book de-
serves."

PROF. GEO. B. McKILLIP, M.D.V., Secretary and Treasurer McKillip Veterinary College.

"I am pleased to inform you that your book on "Restraint of Domestic Animals' has
already been adopted as a text-book in the McKillip Veterinary College."

PROF. JOHN R. SCULLY, Secretary Terre Haute Veterinary College.

"This book is most complete and concise. For a text-book I am positive that it can-
not but be well liked by both the practitioner and student."

PROF. H. L. SCHUH, Professor Surgery Grand Rapids Veterinary College.

"Your book on 'Restraint of Domestic Animals' received and we think it a very useful
work. This book will be placed upon the list of recommended books for the student to
buy, and we will do all in our power to assist you in getting 'Restraint of Domestic
Animals' in the hands of students and practitioners."

PROF. H. E. BEMIS, D.V.M., Assistant Professor Surgery, Division Veterinary Medicine,
Iowa State College.

"I consider the volume full of most practical and therefore useful information upon the
subject of animal restraint. I gladly recommend it to our students, and they, too, seem
much interested."

PROF, R. C, MOORE, D.V.S., President Kansas City Veterinary College.

"I think the work is most excellent and one that certainly is of very great value to
every practitioner."

PROF, FREDERICK R. WHIPPLE, M.D.V., Instructor in Veterinary Science, West Vir-
ginia University.

"You have covered the subject of 'Restraint of Domestic Animails' well, and I shaP
recommend the book to every student in our school. Proper restraint means better sur-
gery. All good surgeons are cranks in securing their patients, indifferent surgeons should
study this book and become cranks on the subject of restraint."

RICHARD P. LYMAN, B.S., M.D.V., Secretary American Veterinary Medical Association.

"I am led to believe that it is soing to fill a valuable place in the library of the vet-
erinarian as well as being a great aid to the student and instructor. This latter appeals
to me especially because 1 am so intimately associated with the demonstration of animal
restraint which is included in the course I am giving in surgical exercises at the Kansas
City Veterinary College."

PROF. J. H. SKINNER, Dean School of Agriculture and Professor of Animal Hus-
bandry, Pardue University.
"The book is certainly complete and one which offers many valuable suggestions to

farmers and others interested in the restraint of animals. The illustrations are splendid

and description all that is necessary."

PROF. L. M. HURT, D.V.M., Professor Veterinary Science, Michigan Agricultural College.
"I feel that its general nature is such that it supplies a long felt want. I can and will
recommend it to our students."

PROF. F. B. HADLEY, D.V.M., Professor Surgery, Veterinary Department Washington

State College.

"The copy of 'Restraint of Domestic Animals' at hand, and after a careful review of
its contents can say that I consider it of great value and have recommended that each
of my students purchase a volume. It seems of particular worth to such men as intend
to practice and have not the funds to install an operating table at once, as its many
extremely practical methods of restraint are well illustrated so that the application of
each is very simple."

DRS. JACOB & SHAW, Knoxville, Tenn.

"It will undoubtedly prove a valuable addition to American veterinary literature."

DR. WILLIAM P. HILL, Veterinarian Twelfth Cavalry, U. S. Army.

"The volume on 'Restraint of Domestic Animals' is quite complete. I consider it an
excellent book."

PROF. GEO. C. HUMPHREY, Professor Animal Husbandry, University of Wisconsin.

"I feel that it will be of special interest to our agricultural students in pursuing their
courses in veterinary science and animal husbandry."

DR. A. M. FARRINGTON, Assistant Chief Bureau Animal Industry, U. S. Department of
Agriculture.
"1 congratulate you on the production and believe it is the most complete woik on the
subject which has ever been printed."

G. B. GILTNER, V.S., Murfreesboro, Tenn.

"I find it very interesting as well as instructive, and desire to congratulate you in
your successful effort in placing so valuable a work in the hands of the veterinary
profession."

PROF. FREDERICK W. WILSON, Animal Husbandman, Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Phoenix, Arizona.
"I think without doubt that this is one of the books that should be found In each
practitioner's library. It is also an invaluable book for the farmer as well."

J. M. PHILLIPS, D.V.S., St. Louis, Mo.

"The illustrations are clear and the descriptions easily understood. It is surely a
volume deserving a place in the lilirary of every veterinarian."

^ JUN 82

DEC 1 1999

JAN 2 2000

DEC 9 2002